Towards an integrated framework for the risk assessment of coastal structures exposed to earthquake and tsunami hazards

Toward equitable coastal community resilience: Incorporating principles of equity and justice in coastal hazard adaptation

“…We begin with a brief overview of recent strategies and scientific advances in coastal hazard adaptation planning. Many of these strategies relate to challenges of urbanization and increasing coastal population density (Sundermann et al, 2014;Reis et al, 2022), with 1 Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and other gender nonconforming persons. With growing knowledge and awareness of the rich and diverse landscape of genders and sexualities, it is becoming increasingly complex to name all manners in which nonconforming people choose to identify, or not identify as such.…”

“…Our use of the term "LGBT+" in this paper follows the use of individuals in both Japan and the USA, who identified with the terms lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or other non-conforming gender identity or sexuality, and who mobilized the LGBT acronym as a strategic political choice when discussing their activities, while acknowledging with the use of the plus ("+") that this acronym is far simpler than the ocean of diversity that exists in the real world of human genders and sexualities. more recent advances emphasizing the added efficacy of incorporating demographic considerations (Buylova et al, 2020;Maletta and Mendicino, 2022;Reis et al, 2022) and communitycollaborative resilience-building (Doyle, 2020;Herrmann-Lunecke and Villagra, 2020;Nakano et al, 2020;Oktari et al, 2020). Advances in scientific and engineering approaches to coastal hazards have better-equipped communities to mitigate the risks associated with the cascading hazards of earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, and so forth (Satake, 2014;Suppasri et al, 2021;Reis et al, 2022).…”

“…more recent advances emphasizing the added efficacy of incorporating demographic considerations (Buylova et al, 2020;Maletta and Mendicino, 2022;Reis et al, 2022) and communitycollaborative resilience-building (Doyle, 2020;Herrmann-Lunecke and Villagra, 2020;Nakano et al, 2020;Oktari et al, 2020). Advances in scientific and engineering approaches to coastal hazards have better-equipped communities to mitigate the risks associated with the cascading hazards of earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, and so forth (Satake, 2014;Suppasri et al, 2021;Reis et al, 2022). For example, a growing number of scientific projects, case studies, conferences, publications, field surveys, simulations, and models, many of which proliferated in the wake of recent tsunami disasters, such as the GEJE (Mas et al, 2012;Suppasri et al, 2016;Strusińska-Correia, 2017;Edgington, 2022), have yielded remarkable advances in understandings of tsunamigenic seismic events, as well as early warning systems, building and design codes, and evacuation measures (Makinoshima et al, 2020) to mitigate tsunami impacts around the world (Chock, 2016;Robertson, 2020;Reis et al, 2022).…”

“…Human settlements are increasingly located in proximity to coastlines (Oktari et al, 2020), with some 40% of the global population currently living in coastal regions (Reis et al, 2022). Roughly, 90% of cities worldwide are in coastal regions, and some 60% of these are considered at risk of a tsunami (Sundermann et al, 2014;Reis et al, 2022).…”

“…Human settlements are increasingly located in proximity to coastlines (Oktari et al, 2020), with some 40% of the global population currently living in coastal regions (Reis et al, 2022). Roughly, 90% of cities worldwide are in coastal regions, and some 60% of these are considered at risk of a tsunami (Sundermann et al, 2014;Reis et al, 2022). Coastal communities are also increasingly forced to balance competing demands, such as meeting the housing and public infrastructure needs of growing coastal populations in ways that integrate both scientific knowledge of tsunami hazard zones, and community desires, perceptions, and participation in hazard planning (Herrmann-Lunecke and Villagra, 2020).…”