“…From extensive teaching experience and research, this model, where disciplinary discernment and extrapolating three dimensionality are assumed equally important as disciplinary declarative knowledge, has been found effective for teaching and learning astronomy and physics at the university level [1,2,10,37,97,139,140]. It may also be possible that the model would apply to other science subjects as well, in particular where one cannot directly see different phenomena, such as atomic interaction in chemistry, see, for example, Refs.…”