Towards a Sustainable Vector-Control Strategy in the Post Kala-Azar Elimination Era

Garlapati, Rajesh; Iniguez, Eva; Serafim, Tiago D.; Mishra, Prabhas Kumar; Rooj, Basab; Sinha, Bikas; Valenzuela, Jesús G.; Srikantiah, Sridhar; Bern, Caryn; Kamhawi, Shaden

doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.641632

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(142 reference statements)

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“…The global toll of Leishmania infection and the difficulties of eradicating its sand fly vectors and non-human reservoirs demand the development of new, environmentally compatible strategies to reduce parasite transmission [71]. Our synthesis of existing data that sugarseeking sand flies are attracted to floral resources, and that floral nectars contain antileishmanial phytochemicals at concentrations that inhibit replication of parasite cell cultures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can floral nectars reduce transmission of Leishmania?

Palmer‐Young¹,

Schwarz

Chen³

et al. 2022

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Background Insect-vectored Leishmania are responsible for loss of more disability-adjusted life years than any parasite besides malaria. Elucidation of the environmental factors that affect parasite transmission by vectors is essential to develop sustainable methods of parasite control that do not have off-target effects on beneficial insects or environmental health. Many phytochemicals that inhibit growth of sand fly-vectored Leishmania—which have been exhaustively studied in the search for phytochemical-based drugs—are abundant in nectars, which provide sugar-based meals to infected sand flies. Principle findings In a quantitative meta-analysis, we compare inhibitory phytochemical concentrations for Leishmania to concentrations present in floral nectar and pollen. We show that nectar concentrations of several flowering plant species exceed those that inhibit growth of Leishmania cell cultures, suggesting an unexplored, landscape ecology-based approach to reduce Leishmania transmission. Significance If nectar compounds are as effective against parasites in the sand fly gut as predicted from experiments in vitro, strategic planting of antiparasitic phytochemical-rich floral resources or phytochemically enriched baits could reduce Leishmania loads in vectors. Such interventions could provide an environmentally friendly complement to existing means of disease control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can floral nectars reduce transmission of Leishmania?

Palmer‐Young¹,

Schwarz

Chen³

et al. 2022

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The global toll of Leishmania infection and the difficulties of eradicating its sand fly vectors and non-human reservoirs demand the development of new, environmentally compatible strategies to reduce parasite transmission (53). Reduction of transmission via supply of antiparasitic nectar sources in local landscapes could have profound significance for public health-reducing reliance on drug treatments that may be costly, inaccessible, or potentially hazardous (3)-while simultaneously supporting populations of beneficial insects and their resistance to insect-specific trypanosomatid infections (17,18).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can floral nectars reduce transmission ofLeishmania?

Palmer‐Young¹,

Schwarz

Chen³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Insect-vectored Leishmania are the second-most debilitating of human parasites worldwide. Elucidation of the environmental factors that affect parasite transmission by vectors is essential to develop sustainable methods of parasite control that do not have off-target effects on beneficial insects or environmental health. Many phytochemicals that inhibit growth of sand fly-vectored Leishmania- which have been exhaustively studied in the search for phytochemical-based drugs- are abundant in nectar, which provide sugar-based meals to infected sand flies. In a quantitative meta-analysis, we compare inhibitory phytochemical concentrations for Leishmania to concentrations present in floral nectar and pollen. We show that nectar concentrations of several flowering plant species exceed those that inhibit growth of Leishmania cell cultures, suggesting an unexplored, landscape ecology-based approach to reduce Leishmania transmission. Strategic planting of antiparasitic phytochemical-rich floral resources or phytochemically enriched baits could reduce Leishmania loads in vectors, providing an environmentally friendly complement to existing means of disease control.

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“…Currently in India alphacypermethrin (5%) is being used for IRS in houses and cattle sheds. In general, two rounds of spraying are conducted in the months of March and April as well as August and September, focusing on the villages that had reported VL cases in the last three years ( 107 ). Although it is important to focus on IRS and ITNs as insecticide-based interventions play a significant role in reducing the transmission, the challenge of insecticide resistance must be taken into consideration.…”

Section: Role Of Pkdl In Transmission and Potential Impact On Vl Elim...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in the Indian sub-continent: challenges and strategies for elimination

et al. 2023

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a severe and often fatal form of leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani in the Indian sub-continent. Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a late cutaneous manifestation of VL, typically occurring after apparent cure of VL, but sometimes even without a prior history of VL in India. PKDL serves as a significant yet neglected reservoir of infection and plays a crucial role in the transmission of the disease, posing a serious threat to the VL elimination program in the Indian sub-continent. Therefore, the eradication of PKDL should be a priority within the current VL elimination program aimed at achieving a goal of less than 1 case per 10,000 in the population at the district or sub-district levels of VL endemic areas. To accomplish this, a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of PKDL is essential, as well as developing strategies for disease management. This review provides an overview of the current status of diagnosis and treatment options for PKDL, highlighting our current knowledge of the immune responses underlying disease development and progression. Additionally, the review discusses the impact of PKDL on elimination programs and propose strategies to overcome this challenge and achieve the goal of elimination. By addressing the diagnostic and therapeutic gaps, optimizing surveillance and control measures, and implementing effective intervention strategies, it is possible to mitigate the burden of PKDL and facilitate the successful elimination of VL in the Indian sub-continent.

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Towards a Sustainable Vector-Control Strategy in the Post Kala-Azar Elimination Era

Cited by 10 publications

References 84 publications

Can floral nectars reduce transmission of Leishmania?

Can floral nectars reduce transmission of Leishmania?

Can floral nectars reduce transmission ofLeishmania?

Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in the Indian sub-continent: challenges and strategies for elimination

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