Towards A Post-Marshallian Framework for the Analysis of Social Citizenship

Self-Responsibility of the “Active Social Citizen”: Different Types of the Policy Concept of “Active Social Citizenship” in Different Types of Welfare States

“…In the industrial society, the dominant policy concept of social citizenship was based on the social rights of the social citizens regarding social security and social services (Esping- Andersen, 1990;Johansson & Hvinden, 2013;Lister et al, 2007). In the field of social security, social rights have traditionally been based on the principle of "decommodification," that is, according to Esping- Andersen (1990: 37), the right to maintain a reasonable standard of living during periods without employment, for example, unemployment, retirement, and illness.…”

“…With the restructuring processes of European welfare states since the 1990s, policies toward social citizenship have changed. A broad debate has developed among researchers in the field of social policy analysis in relation to social citizenship and the issue of how social citizenship has been redefined in these processes (e.g., Andersen, Guillemard, Jensen, & Pfau-Effinger, 2005;Evers & Guillemard, 2013;Frericks, 2014;Gilbert, 2002;Johansson & Hvinden, 2013;Lister et al, 2007). The term "social citizenship" as introduced by Marshall (1950Marshall ( /2000 refers to the ways in which the relationship of the individual citizen with the welfare state is constructed by welfare state policies.…”

Whose Rights, Which Duties? Political Claims in the Sphere of Labor Policy in the Times of Crisis: The Social Citizenship Perspective

“…The latter perspective suggests that not only rights but also certain duties constitute an immanent part of citizenship status, including social citizenship (Janoski ; Johansson and Hvinden ). Thus some scholars, such as Turner (), highlight the relationship between rights and duties, suggesting that certain duties (like work, military service, childbearing, and childrearing) are necessary “routes to entitlement” when social privileges are taken into account (Turner ).…”

“…Such an approach assumes that there is fundamental conditionality in social citizenship status that either should be highlighted or regained—as in the well‐known phrase: “no rights without duties” (Havemann ; Lister ). Other scholars seem to take a more moderate stance, assuming that rights should not be conditioned but balanced with certain duties (Johansson and Hvinden ).…”

Social Citizenship, Housing Wealth and the Cost of Social Care: Is theCareAct 2014 ‘Fair'?

“…Marshall's work has been subject to extensive analysis and criticism, particularly with respect to its Anglo‐centric nature, its focus on the position of men and its apparent emphasis on citizens' rights which some believed lead to welfare dependency and a weakening of the work ethic. Equally, it is clear that significant changes have occurred since the middle of the twentieth century which have presented challenges to contemporary welfare states. Dean argues that, while it is an exaggeration to speak of having moved to a period of ‘post‐emotionalism’, in which individuals act in an entirely self‐interested way, nevertheless he acknowledges that Third Way policies (as exemplified by the Blair administrations) may have led ‘to a diminished sense of solidaristic responsibility …’ Johansson and Hvinden identify that the trend towards individualisation presents particular challenges to social benefit systems that are based on a long‐term perspective because they presuppose an intergenerational contract.…”