“…The PROGRES graph schema has been used to define the metamodel for production process planning (Zhang and Jiao, 2013). Another approach is the use of the UML class diagram (Gross and Rudolph, 2016 a , 2016 b , 2016 c ; Schmidt and Rudolph, 2016; Holder et al , 2017; Vogel and Arnold, 2020). Where the UML class diagram has been used, excerpts of the class diagram (Gross and Rudolph, 2016 a , 2016 b , 2016 c ) or a simplified version of the class diagram are presented (Schmidt and Rudolph, 2016; Holder et al , 2017).…”