Towards 3D Spatial Data Infrastructures (3D-SDI) based on open standards — experiences, results and future issues

Basanow, Jens; Neis, Pascal; Neubauer, Steffen; Schilling, Arne; Zipf, Alexander

doi:10.1007/978-3-540-72135-2_4

Cited by 35 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This scenario is undoubtedly one of the main challenges to be addressed by Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI). SDI have been one of the main drivers of the technological development in geomatics in recent years, but until now they have not a comprehensive answer to the problem of three-dimensionality (Basanow et al, 2008).…”

Section: Modeling Large Areas In 3dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual Modeling for Cities of the Future. State-of-the Art and Virtual Modeling for Cities of the Future. State-of-the Art An

Valencia

Muñoz-Nieto²,

Rodríguez‐Gonzálvez

2015

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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3D virtual modeling, visualization, dissemination and management of urban areas is one of the most exciting challenges that must face geomatics in the coming years. This paper aims to review, compare and analyze the new technologies, policies and software tools that are in progress to manage urban 3D information. It is assumed that the third dimension increases the quality of the model provided, allowing new approaches to urban planning, conservation and management of architectural and archaeological areas. Despite the fact that displaying 3D urban environments is an issue nowadays solved, there are some challenges to be faced by geomatics in the coming future. Displaying georeferenced linked information would be considered the first challenge. Another challenge to face is to improve the technical requirements if this georeferenced information must be shown in real time. Are there available software tools ready for this challenge? Are they useful to provide services required in smart cities? Throughout this paper, many practical examples that require 3D georeferenced information and linked data will be shown. Computer advances related to 3D spatial databases and software that are being developed to convert rendering virtual environment to a new enriched environment with linked information will be also analyzed. Finally, different standards that Open Geospatial Consortium has assumed and developed regarding the three-dimensional geographic information will be reviewed. Particular emphasis will be devoted on KML, LandXML, CityGML and the new IndoorGML.

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Section: Modeling Large Areas In 3dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual Modeling for Cities of the Future. State-of-the Art and Virtual Modeling for Cities of the Future. State-of-the Art An

Valencia

Muñoz-Nieto²,

Rodríguez‐Gonzálvez

2015

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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“…This flow is basic for implementing 3D web applications and resembles the proposal of Schall et al (2008) to convert the 2D geospatial data into 3D models and deliver them through 3D scenes. This delivery mechanism is a concept also used by Altmaier and Kolbe (2003), Heinen et al (2005), Basanow et al (2008), where Web 3D Service (W3DS) and other related Web Services encapsulate the server side functionality and deliver geographical scenes.…”

Section: Reconstruction Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This process has been applied by Schall et al (2010) for modelling underground utilities on mobile devices for Augmented Reality applications, consuming geographical information encoded in Geographical Modeling Language (GML) and converted into 'scene graphs'. Standardization efforts towards separating content from presentation are proposed in (Basanow et al, 2008) and presented via 'Styled Layer Descriptors'. A specific description useful for visualization of underground utilities has been proposed for lines, reconstructing them based on radius and colour information.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3d Visualisation of Underground Pipelines: Best Strategy for 3d Scene Creation

Guerrero

Zlatanova

Meijers

2013

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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ABSTRACT:Underground pipelines pose numerous challenges to 3D visualization. Pipes and cables are conceptually simple and narrow objects with clearly defined shapes, spanned over large geographical areas and made of multiple segments. Pipes are usually maintained as linear objects in the databases. However, the visualization of lines in 3D is difficult to perceive as such lines lack the volumetric appearance, which introduces depth perception and allows understanding the disposition and relationships between the objects on the screen. Therefore the lines should be replaced by volumetric shapes, such as parametric shapes (cylinders) or triangular meshes. The reconstruction of the 3D shape of the pipes has to be done on the fly and therefore it is important to select a 3D representation which will not degrade the performance. If a reconstruction method provides a good performance, the visualization of pipes and cables is guaranteed to provide a smooth experience to the final user, enabling richer scenes but also establishing the visualization requirements in terms of hardware and software to display underground utilities.This paper presents our investigations on a strategy for creating a 3D pipes for 3D visualisation. It is assumed that the pipelines are stored in a database and portions of them are retrieved for 3D reconstruction and 3D visualization. Generally, the reconstruction of underground utilities can be performed in different ways and should lead to realistic appearance, produce visual continuity between segments, include objects depicting specific connections and even consider buffer volumes displaying the uncertainty and the security distance between objects. The creation of such visually pleasing reconstructions may require very detailed shapes, which will increase the complexity of the scene and degrade the performance. This research has identified four criteria to measure the complexity of the scene and conclude on a 3D reconstruction strategy: number of scene graph nodes, number of triangles and vertices on the screen, needed transformations and appearance options. On the basis of these criteria a testing framework is developed. Ten different strategies for 3D reconstruction are defined and tested for X3D, X3DOM and WebGL. The paper analyses the results of the tests and concludes on the best strategy.

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“…The need to study complex areas in virtual 3D environments has been identified by many, for example, Basanow et al (2008), Krüger and Meinel (2008), Stoter et al (2011), von Schwerin et al (2013, Zhang et al (2014), Hu et al (2015) and Hunter et al (2015). These works propose solutions that place objects in large 3D spatial contexts, such as buildings in cities or structures in archaeological sites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using modular 3D digital earth applications based on point clouds for the study of complex sites

Martinez-Rubi

Kleijn²,

Verhoeven

et al. 2016

International Journal of Digital Earth

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This article discusses the use of 3D technologies in digital earth applications (DEAs) to study complex sites. These are large areas containing objects with heterogeneous shapes and semantic information. The study proposes that DEAs should be modular, have multi-tier architectures, and be developed as Free and Open Source Software if possible. In DEAs requiring high reliability in the 3D measurements, point clouds are proposed as basis for the 3D Digital digital earth representation. For the development of DEAs, we propose to follow a workflow with four components: data acquisition and processing, data management, data analysis and data visualization. For every component, technological challenges of using 3D technologies are identified and solutions applied for a case study are presented. The case study is a modular 3D DEA developed for the archaeological project Mapping the Via Appia. The 3D DEA allows archaeologists to virtually analyze a complex study area. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Towards 3D Spatial Data Infrastructures (3D-SDI) based on open standards — experiences, results and future issues

Cited by 35 publications

References 7 publications

Virtual Modeling for Cities of the Future. State-of-the Art and Virtual Modeling for Cities of the Future. State-of-the Art An

Virtual Modeling for Cities of the Future. State-of-the Art and Virtual Modeling for Cities of the Future. State-of-the Art An

3d Visualisation of Underground Pipelines: Best Strategy for 3d Scene Creation

Using modular 3D digital earth applications based on point clouds for the study of complex sites

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