Toward reliable and accessible ammonia quantification in the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrogen

Versatile Procedures for Reliable NMR Quantification of CO2 Electroreduction Products

“…6,7 1 H NMR spectroscopy arguably has advantages in the quantification of electrocatalysis products in terms of reproducibility and minimal requirements for sample preparation, as sample derivatization and separation are not required. [8][9][10][11] In addition, the discovery, quantification and optimization of processes towards new products can be conducted without authentic reference standard compounds, as the NMR signal depends on the number of contributing equivalent nuclei but not on molecule-specific response factors. 12 The NMR signal response derives from the polarization of nuclear spins.…”

“…Technical processes of CO 2 utilization hinge on suitable catalytic and analytical methods to optimize the formation of target chemicals. While some of the products are gaseous and are routinely measured by gas chromatographic protocols (GC and GC-MS), , the analysis of liquid products remains less standardized, and chromatographic (HPLC), spectrometric (GC-MS), and spectroscopic (NMR) approaches are conceivable. , 1 H NMR spectroscopy arguably has advantages in the quantification of electrocatalysis products in terms of reproducibility and minimal requirements for sample preparation, as sample derivatization and separation are not required. − In addition, the discovery, quantification, and optimization of processes toward new products can be conducted without authentic reference standard compounds, as the NMR signal depends on the number of contributing equivalent nuclei but not on molecule-specific response factors …”

Competition between metal-catalysed electroreduction of dinitrogen, protons, and nitrogen oxides: a DFT perspective

“…nitrogen oxides like NO and NO 2 . [10][11][12] Moreover, the majority of the "successful" experimental NRR studies are commonly in direct conflict with the existing theoretical work. For example, different types of gold nanomaterials have been reported to be catalytically active for N 2 electroreduction [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] at potentials between −0.1 and −0.5 V vs. RHE (reversible hydrogen electrode), despite extreme thermodynamics difficulty of such process according to the density functional theory (DFT) analysis; specifically, Montoya et al 24 calculated a value of ca.…”

Review on Electrocatalytic Coreduction of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogenous Species for Urea Synthesis

“…Additionally, the presence of certain ions like Co 2+ , Fe 2+ , and Mn 2+ can also lead to underestimation of the actual urea concentration due to their inhibitory effect on urease activity. 39,40 It is worth noting that the introduction of Ru 3+ can significantly increase the measured value of urea due to its chemical reaction with the color reagent. 41 Other potential interference factors to consider include evaporation loss of ammonia during heat treatment and the inhibition of colorimetric determination of NH 4…”