Toward dynamic pain expressions in avatars: Perceived realism and pain level of different action unit orders

Combining trunk movement and facial expression enhances the perceived intensity and believability of an avatar's pain expression

“…38,95% CI [48.02,62.74]). A similar underestimation of the avatar's pain intensity has also been observed in a recent study using the EEVEE platform (Tessier and al., 2019). Participants were presented with video clips displaying a sequential or synchronized dynamic facial pain expression of four different avatars modeled at the maxima of pain AUs (100 %).…”

“…Moreover, other authors showed that participants' emotional reactions were stronger when viewing the pain of a virtual patient whose medical condition was growing worse in a dynamic condition (the avatar is moving) compared to a condition where the virtual patient remained static (Wu et al, 2014). This latter study may be of particular interest for the present work, which has used a similar virtual reality platform using recently avatars expressing pain in a medical context (Tessier, Gingras, Robitaille & Jackson, 2019). Finally, authors investigated the psychophysiological response to emotional stimuli by the means of pupil size changes (Bradley, Miccoli, Escrig & Lang, 2008;Kret, Roelofs, Stekelenburg & de Gelder, 2013;Reuten, Van Dam & Naber, 2018).…”

A Study of Patient’s Pain Assessment Based on Facial Expression: Issues and Challenges

“…There is conclusive evidence that the expression of facial pain is specialized pain that is not only responsive but also distinguishable from other emotional expressions. [25,27,30] Body Movement Assessed as a reaction of any action that affects the body, especially pain like rigid, guarding, and tense, physical aggression, fidgeting, increased pacing/rocking, and mobility changes such as inactivity or motor restlessness. [24,31,40] Vocalization When we are in a bad situation, we shout for help as the same when babies feel in distress or pain, they would cry, so our voices in a different pattern (Moaning, crying, groaning, sighing, and gasping).…”

Immersive virtual environments and embodied agents for e-learning applications

“…Additionally, the present study highlights the need for further investigation into the impact of EAs in IVEs to understand the varying results surrounding their impact on learner performance, motivation, and satisfaction. Previous work has highlighted the impact of graphical realism on peoples' perceptions of avatars in virtual environments while engaging in various tasks in various scenarios (Tessier et al, 2019;Kang, Watt & Ala, 2008;Lugrin et al, 2015). Our goal was to assess the importance of a humanoid avatar, not necessarily the physical realisation of said avatar.…”