Toward Community-Oriented Policing: Potential, Basic Requirements, and Threshold Questions

Abstract

Recent research that has questioned the value of traditional policing methods has led to experiments with new forms of policing. With increasing frequency, these experiments place greater dependence, for police effectiveness, upon redefining the relationship that the police develop with the community. Out of these efforts, a concept of community-oriented policing is beginning to evolve that—when fully developed—could provide the dominant framework to which all future improvement efforts in policing are linked. A number of minimum requirements for moving in this direction are already identifiable. Most important, among these, is the need to assure that the police engage more directly in dealing with the substantive problems of concern to the communities they serve. Full development of community-oriented policing will require that a number of tough questions first be addressed. Four of these are identified and explored in the article.

Yeni̇ Kamu Yöneti̇mi̇ Ve Güvenli̇k Hi̇zmetleri̇ne Vatandaş Katilimi: Kahramanmaraş Örneği̇

“…Güvenlik hizmetlerine vatandaş katılımı, vatandaşların, toplumda var olan problemlerin çözülmesi amacıyla polise bilgi vermelerinden, polisle birlikte hareket ederek güvenlikle ilgili alınacak kararları etkilemelerine kadar uzanan bir dizi faaliyetlerini içermektedir (Myhill, 2012). Polisin, toplumun problemlerine toplumla birlikte çözüm bulabilmesi ve vatandaşlardan gelen görüş, öneri ve isteklere göre hareket etmesi gerektiği özellikle 1980'li yıllardan itibaren geleneksel polisliğe alternatif olarak gelişen toplum destekli polislik anlayışıyla daha da belirgin hale gelmiştir (Cordner, 2002;Goldstein, 1987;Skogan, 1994). Polis teşkilatları suçla mücadele etmek için 1980'li yıllara kadar genelde kendi kaynaklarını kullanmış ve toplumun diğer kesimlerini güvenlik işlerine fazla karıştırmamıştır (Cordner, 2002;Goldstein, 1987;Skogan ve Hartnett, 1997).…”

“…Polisin, toplumun problemlerine toplumla birlikte çözüm bulabilmesi ve vatandaşlardan gelen görüş, öneri ve isteklere göre hareket etmesi gerektiği özellikle 1980'li yıllardan itibaren geleneksel polisliğe alternatif olarak gelişen toplum destekli polislik anlayışıyla daha da belirgin hale gelmiştir (Cordner, 2002;Goldstein, 1987;Skogan, 1994). Polis teşkilatları suçla mücadele etmek için 1980'li yıllara kadar genelde kendi kaynaklarını kullanmış ve toplumun diğer kesimlerini güvenlik işlerine fazla karıştırmamıştır (Cordner, 2002;Goldstein, 1987;Skogan ve Hartnett, 1997). Oysa yapılan araştırmalar, yakalanan suçluların önemli bir bölümünün (yaklaşık %90) vatandaşın verdiği bilgilerle gerçekleştirildiğini, çok az bir kısmının (yaklaşık %10) ise polisin kendi çabasıyla gerçekleştiğini tespit etmiştir (Grinc, 1994).…”

Communication Interception Technology (CIT) and Its Use in the Fight against Transnational Organised Crime (TOC) in Australia: A Review of the Literature

“…As such the model relies solely on law enforcement powers to prevent crime (Conser et al, 2005;Eck & Rosenbaum, 1994). Subsequently, Goldstein (1987) and Ratcliffe (2008b, p. 271) both argue that the primary drawback with this methodology is that this "enforcing the law" attitude results in a distinct ineffectiveness in promoting long term crime control, arguably the result of being a reactive tactic rather than a proactive strategy (Goldstein, 1987;Ratcliffe, 2008a, p. 271). It is important to note that arguments made against the traditional methodology contain a source of bias resulting from their primary objective to provide support for an alternate policing methodology.…”

“…Police act in a role as a facilitator within the community as they establish a balance between police duties and community responsibilities. Contact with the community in a means of establishing why crime is occurring rather than a simple response to calls for service is promoted as a fundamental purpose of COP (Goldstein 1987). However, in their own review of COP research, Adams, Rohe and Arcury (2002), and Eck and Rosenbaum (1994) argue that there is a clear lack of clarity as to what exactly passes as community policing and that the benefits and impact COP has on crime have been mixed during research evaluation.…”

A randomized experimental study of sharing crime data with citizens: Do maps produce more fear?

“…The McGruff BTake a Bite Out of Crime^campaign is one example of a nationwide program sponsored by the United States federal government to increase citizen participation in crime prevention (Lavrakas et al 1983). The movement from professional policing to community policing espoused a new and expanded role for the community as Bco-producers^of public safety (Goldstein 1987;Lavrakas et al 1983;Maltz et al 1989;Moore 1992) and stimulated testing of innovative strategies for successfully mobilizing communities (Sherman 1986). Improved policeYcitizen communication became an integral part of these efforts (Rich 1999;Sherman 1986).…”