Toward anthelmintic drug candidates for toxocariasis: Challenges and recent developments

Mengarda, Ana C.; Silva, Taís C.; Silva, Aline S.; Roquini, Daniel B.; Fernandes, João Paulo S.; Moraes, Josué de

doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115268

Cited by 2 publications

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“…Furthermore, prescribed treatments are generic and do not take into consideration epidemiological risk factors such as the likelihood of reinfections or the genetic variants of the parasite involved in the infection (Bagster & Elsheikha, 2022; McNamara et al., 2018). Furthermore, the complex transmission cycles of parasitic helminths, which include multiple hosts and life stages, often pose significant challenges for treatment efforts, requiring specific dosages and active drugs for effective eradication (Mengarda et al., 2023). Considering all the stated above, regular coproparasitological examination of canine and feline faecal samples should be carried out to monitor and evaluate the efficacy of the prescribed treatments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the complex transmission cycles of parasitic helminths, which include multiple hosts and life stages, often pose significant challenges for treatment efforts, requiring specific dosages and active drugs for effective eradication (Mengarda et al, 2023). Considering all the stated above, regular coproparasitological examination of canine and feline faecal samples should be carried out to monitor and evaluate the efficacy of the prescribed treatments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and public health relevance of enteric parasites in domestic dogs and cats in the region of Madrid (Spain) with an emphasis on Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium sp.

Mateo,

Montoya,

Bailo

et al. 2023

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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BackgroundPet dogs and cats exert an unquestionable beneficial effect in the well‐being of their owners, but can also act as a source of zoonotic infections if improperly cared.ObjectivesWe investigated the occurrence, risk factors, genetic variability and zoonotic potential of intestinal parasites in dogs and cats attended in a clinical veterinary setting in Spain.MethodsCanine (n = 252) and feline (n = 35) faecal samples were collected during 2017–2019 and analysed by coproparasitological methods. A rapid lateral immunochromatographic test (ICT) was used for detecting Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium sp. Samples positive at microscopy examination and/or ICT were reassessed by molecular methods.ResultsOverall, 48.8% (123/252) of dogs and 48.6% (17/35) of cats were infected by enteric parasites. In dogs, G. duodenalis was the most prevalent species (40.9%), followed by Cystoisospora sp. (7.1%), and Toxocara canis (5.2%). In cats, Joyeuxiella sp. and Toxocara cati were the dominant species (20.0% each), followed by G. duodenalis (14.3%), D. caninum (5.7%) and Cystoisospora felis and Toxascaris leonina (2.9% each). Pups and kittens were more likely to harbour intestinal parasites and develop clinical signs. Sequence analyses of dog isolates revealed the presence of assemblages A (n = 1), C (n = 4), D (n = 4) and C+D (n = 1) within G. duodenalis; C. parvum (n = 1) and C. canis (n = 4) within Cryptosporidium and PtEb IX (n = 1) in Enterocytozoon bieneusi. A novel C. canis subtype family, named XXi, is reported.ConclusionsOur results highlight that (i) well‐cared dogs carry zoonotic enteric protozoan parasites of public health relevance, (ii) proper hygiene practices and routine veterinary treatment are essential to prevent zoonotic infections, (iii) vulnerable populations should avoid contact with pups/kittens with diarrhoea and (iv) infected dogs might be major contributors to the environmental contamination with soil‐transmitted helminths (STHs) eggs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and public health relevance of enteric parasites in domestic dogs and cats in the region of Madrid (Spain) with an emphasis on Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium sp.

Mateo,

Montoya,

Bailo

et al. 2023

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Nanotechnology-based Approaches for the Treatment of Toxocariasis: A Prospective Review

Jahanmahin,

Borji

2023

J. Vet. Physiol. Pathol.

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Toxocariasis, caused by Toxocara parasites, is a prevalent parasitic disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Conventional anthelmintic drugs for toxocariasis face challenges such as limited efficacy and potential adverse effects, necessitating exploring alternative therapeutic strategies. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of toxocariasis. This prospective review provides an overview of the potential of nanotechnology in toxocariasis treatment and highlights critical advancements in the field. The current review aimed to provide an overview of toxocariasis and the current challenges in its treatment, such as limited efficacy and potential adverse effects. It emphasized the need for novel therapeutic approaches to overcome these limitations. The subsequent section focused on nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, discussing the nanoparticles used in toxocariasis treatment, their advantages, and strategies for enhancing drug delivery efficiency. Nanotechnology in targeted therapy is a great strategy to treat toxocariasis. It explored targeting Toxocara parasites using nanoparticles, surface modifications for enhanced targeting, and controlled release and sustained drug delivery techniques. Nanodiagnostics and imaging techniques in diagnosing and monitoring provide promising futures for controlling toxocariasis. It explored the use of nanosensors for the sensitive detection of Toxocara parasites and various imaging modalities for parasite visualization. These advancements enabled timely intervention and personalized treatment strategies. Furthermore, the application of nanotechnology in vaccine development is fruitful for preventing toxocariasis. It highlights the use of nano vaccines for enhanced immune responses, controlled antigen delivery, and targeted immune cell activation. In conclusion, nanotechnology holds immense potential in the treatment of toxocariasis. Its unique features, such as targeted drug delivery, enhanced diagnostics, and improved vaccine efficacy, offer promising avenues for more effective and personalized approaches. Addressing evaluation, regulatory approval, cost-effectiveness, and scalability challenges is crucial for successful translation into clinical practice. The advancements in nanotechnology can potentially revolutionize toxocariasis treatment and improve patient outcomes.

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Toward anthelmintic drug candidates for toxocariasis: Challenges and recent developments

Cited by 2 publications

References 100 publications

Prevalence and public health relevance of enteric parasites in domestic dogs and cats in the region of Madrid (Spain) with an emphasis on Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium sp.

Prevalence and public health relevance of enteric parasites in domestic dogs and cats in the region of Madrid (Spain) with an emphasis on Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium sp.

Nanotechnology-based Approaches for the Treatment of Toxocariasis: A Prospective Review

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