“…The primary technical difficulty in all these designs is providing accurate, high frequency force information to the user, in multiple degrees of freedom, and with large range of motion. This poses unique challenges in mechanism and control design [1,3,4,5,7,9,12,16,17,21]. To achieve hard "crisp" surfaces needed in many haptic interface applications [5,11], smooth velocity measurements with small computational delay are required [13].…”