Toward a Real Global Warming Treaty

Environmental Taxation and Revenue for Development

“…When these figures are compared to estimates of the additional resources required to reach the Millennium Development Goals by 2015, which are in the range of US$30-70 billion per year (Atkinson 2003a), it is clear that the revenue potential is indeed very large, even for such a modest rate of tax. Cooper (1998) cites an OECD study that estimates the revenue from a carbon tax on a lower taxbase (5.2 billion metric tons) at US$750 billion per year. This is almost six times the amount suggested by Clunies-Ross, being based on a tax rate of approximately US$150 per metric ton (the equivalent of approximately 35 cents per US gallon or 0.08 EUR per litre.…”

“…For example, Cooper (1998) and Poterba (1991) suggest that in order to achieve a significant reduction of emissions, a tax in the range of US$100-120 per metric ton would be necessary. Whalley and Wiggle (1991) estimate that a tax of about US$450-more than twenty times the level assumed by Clunies-Ross-is needed to reduce carbon use by 50 per cent.…”

Global environmental taxes

“…Things are more 17 Cooper (1998) argues that the IMF could monitor enforcement of the harmonized tax, as it holds annual consultations with nearly all countries in the world on their macroeconomic policies, including their tax revenues.…”

O regime internacional de mudança climática e o Brasil

“…Quanto à segunda, foram derrotados, como já haviam sido nas conferências de Berlim e Genebra. Em relação à terceira, condicionaram a assinatura do acordo ao compromisso de flexibilização, contando com forte apoio do Canadá, da Austrália, da Rússia e dos países do Leste Europeu, membros do Anexo Um (Cooper, 1998).…”