Toward a rational control of solid acid catalysis for green synthesis and biomass conversion

Abstract

Design of solid acid catalysts is one of the key technologies to establish environmental friendly catalytic processes. Featuring cation-exchanged clay and metal salts of heteropolyacids as model solid acid catalysts, a strategy for design of active catalysts for green chemical and biomass conversion processes is discussed. The important role of solid Lewis acids was suggested in acetylation of alcohols with acetic anhydride by cation-exchanged clay, Friedel-Crafts acylation and alkylation of aromatic compounds with metal salts of heteropolyacids, and hydrolysis of cellulose into saccharides. The significant influence of reactor design and reaction conditions on dehydration of saccharides into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is also discussed.

Lignosulfonate-based heterogeneous sulfonic acid catalyst for hydrolyzing glycosidic bonds of polysaccharides

“…Acid and enzyme are among the most common catalysts for hydrolyzing cellulose into glucose [10,11]. In recent years, recyclable solid acids for cellulose hydrolysis have attracted great attentions [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. However, achieving high selectivity and activity still remains a challenging task.…”

Zeolite Catalysts for Phenol Benzoylation with Benzoic Acid: Exploring the Synthesis of Hydroxybenzophenones

“…The reaction is initiated by the coordination of acetic anhydride to the metal cation, with polarization of the C-O bond in the coordinated species [102]. In our case, instead, the main effect of the Lewis acidity is on the selectivity ratio between the two HBP isomers.…”

Mechanistic Studies of Solid Acids and Base‐Catalyzed Clean Technologies

“…Tanabe et al [2] revised their book in 1989, reviewing the definition and classification of solid acids and bases, determination of acidic and basic properties, and catalysis for isomerization, acylation, hydration of alkenes, methanol conversion, dehydration, dehydrogenation, esterification, hydrolysis, hydrocraking (hydrogenolysis), and oxidation reactions. The development of solid acid catalysts has been surveyed in several reviews [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Catalysis by solid bases and the mechanism of base-catalyzed reactions such as isomerization of alkenes and alkynes, aldol addition and aldol condensation, Henry reaction (nitro-aldol reaction), Knoevenagel condensation, Michael addition, the Tishchenko reaction, alkylation reactions, and addition reactions such as addition of amines to epoxides, transfer hydrogenation (Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) reaction), esterification and transesterification, and liquid-phase oxidations including Baeyer-Villiger oxidation and alkene epoxidation have been recently emphasized by Ono and Hattori [11], encompassing many splendid reviews and papers [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”