Toward a psychology of being.

Maslow, Abraham H.

doi:10.1037/10793-000

Cited by 3,374 publications

(3,406 citation statements)

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“…Although individuals have a strong need to think positively about their attributes to maintain self-esteem, they have an even stronger need to socially belong (Baumeister & Leary, 1995;Maslow, 1968). Many times, these two forces can work independently from each other; for example, an individual can believe he or she is a better driver than he or she actually is, and such a self-serving bias does not damage the individual's interpersonal relationships and belongingness.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We agree that people might desire to engage in status self-enhancement to maintain their self-esteem (e.g., Barkow, 1975;Pfeffer & Cialdini, 1998). However, people also have a fundamental human need to belong and be included in social groups (Baumeister & Leary, 1995;Maslow, 1968). According to Hypothesis 1, status self-enhancement would work against this second motive.…”

Section: Hypothesis 2: Face-to-face Group Members Will Perceive Theirmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Knowing your place: Self-perceptions of status in face-to-face groups.

Anderson

Srivastava

Beer

et al. 2006

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

416

347

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Status is the prominence, respect, and influence individuals enjoy in the eyes of others. Theories of positive illusions suggest that individuals form overly positive perceptions of their status in face-to-face groups. In contrast, the authors argue that individuals' perceptions of their status are highly accuratethat is, they closely match the group's perception of their status-because forming overly positive status self-perceptions can damage individuals' acceptance in a group. Therefore, the authors further argue that individuals are likely to refrain from status self-enhancement to maintain their belongingness in a group. Support for their hypotheses was found in 2 studies of status in face-to-face groups, using a social relations model approach (D. A. Kenny & L. La Voie, 1984). Individuals showed high accuracy in perceiving their status and even erred on the side of being overly humble. Moreover, enhancement in status self-perceptions was associated with lower levels of social acceptance.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hypothesis 2: Face-to-face Group Members Will Perceive Theirmentioning

confidence: 89%

Knowing your place: Self-perceptions of status in face-to-face groups.

Anderson

Srivastava

Beer

et al. 2006

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

416

347

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This reason is that acknowledging discrimination represents a threat to people's need to belong. For decades, social and personality psychologists have argued that people have an intrinsic motivation to affiliate and bond with each other (Bowlby, 1969(Bowlby, , 1973Epstein, 1991;Freud, 1915Freud, /1963Maslow, 1968;McClelland, 1951;Murray, 1938). More recently, Baumeister and Leary (1995) have argued that the need to belong lies at the heart of many important social phenomena, ranging from both infant and adult attachment to adult emotional experience and physical well-being (see also Brewer, 2004;Fiske, 2003;Stevens & Fiske, 1995).…”

Section: Why Does It Occur?mentioning

confidence: 99%

When fiends become friends: The need to belong and perceptions of personal and group discrimination.

Carvallo¹,

Pelham²

2006

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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The present article examines the role that the need to belong (NTB) plays in people's judgments of personal and group discrimination and in the attributions people make for potentially discriminatory evaluations. The authors hypothesized that the NTB motivates people to conclude that (a) whereas they rarely experience personal discrimination, (b) their fellow in-group members do experience discrimination. In Study 1, people high in the NTB reported experiencing lower than average levels of personal and higher than average levels of group discrimination. In Study 2, an experimental manipulation of the NTB yielded similar results. In Study 3, women who were motivated to be accepted by a bogus male participant were less likely to attribute his negative evaluations of their work to prejudice.

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“…Maslow (1968;1970) originally intended the term to include all experiences that optimise personal potential, whether self-focussed or not, and he distinguished between motivations that serve to satisfy biological, material or social needs (such as hunger, financial security or respect from others) and "growth" needs focussing on the development of personal potential through the expression of love to other people. Moral philosophers see behaviour towards others as a means of selfactualisation, particularly through the acknowledgement of guilt and the expression of remorse for harm done (see Gaita, 1991Gaita, , 2004.…”

Section: Comparing Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Regretsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regret as autobiographical memory

Davison

Feeney

2008

Cognitive Psychology

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Toward a psychology of being.

Cited by 3,374 publications

References 0 publications

Knowing your place: Self-perceptions of status in face-to-face groups.

Knowing your place: Self-perceptions of status in face-to-face groups.

When fiends become friends: The need to belong and perceptions of personal and group discrimination.

Regret as autobiographical memory

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