Toward a population genetic analysis of Salmonella: genetic diversity and relationships among strains of serotypes S. choleraesuis, S. derby, S. dublin, S. enteritidis, S. heidelberg, S. infantis, S. newport, and S. typhimurium.

Beltran, P.; Musser, James M.; Helmuth, Reiner; Farmer, rd J J; Frerichs, Wayne M.; Wachsmuth, I K; Ferris, Kathleen E.; McWhorter, Alma C.; Wells, JoyG; Cravioto, Alejandro

doi:10.1073/pnas.85.20.7753

Cited by 194 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…S . typhimurium was one of three serovars whose specific antigen profile was shown by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) to be confined to a single cluster of closely related electrophoretic types (ETs), which were considered equivalent to chromosomal genotypes (Beltran et al, 1988). The lines of descent identified as IS200 profile groups in this study presumably occur within that single MLEE cluster, since all share three ancestral insertion sites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotypes and phylogenetic relationships of Salmonella typhimurium are defined by molecular fingerprinting of IS200 and 16S rrn loci

Stanley

Baquar

Threlfall³

1993

Journal of General Microbiology

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Molecular fingerprints of chromosomal genotypes in Salmonella typhimurium were generated by analysis of variation at the 16s vrn gene loci and the sites of the insertion sequence IS200. Genetic and reference strains of S. typhimuvium were compared with clinical phage type strains from cases of human salmonellosis. Three 1 6 s rrn profiles, one of which was predominant, were found. The copy number of the SaZmonelZa-specific insertion sequence IS200 varied from 6 to 12, and all insertions were chromosomal. Three of the insertion sites shared by all strains were serovar-specific for S. typhimurium. Thirteen distinct profiles of IS200 were detected, providing a high level of intraserovar strain discrimination. Profiles were generally more conserved among genetic and reference strains ; representatives of clinical phage type strains, which are recent human isolates, showed much greater diversity of IS200 profiles. Irrespective of their origin, strains could be assigned to IS200 profile groups, phylogenetically related lines identified by combinations of conserved insertion sites. Hybridization profiles of this mobile element are markers of intermediate and short-term evolution in S. typhimuvium. They provide a fingerprinting scheme for the purposes of genetics, and delineate a molecular typing scheme for the purposes of epidemiology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotypes and phylogenetic relationships of Salmonella typhimurium are defined by molecular fingerprinting of IS200 and 16S rrn loci

Stanley

Baquar

Threlfall³

1993

Journal of General Microbiology

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“…Limitations to the Kauffmann-W hite serological scheme of classification have been emphasized by the demonstration that strains of the same serovar may be distantly related in multilocus enzyme genotype and that the 0 antigen groups of subgenus I may similarly be polyphyletic (Beltran et al, 1988;Selander et al, 1990a, b). This work has also shown that the population structure of the salmonellae is basically clonal, with each serovar being represented by one or a few predominant clones of widespread if not global distribution (Beltran et al, 1988 ;Reeves et al, 1989 ;Selander et al, 1990a, 6). Comparative sequencing of the flagellin genes in strains of several serovars has implicated both intragenic and interstrain recombination as mechanisms generating new serovars (Frankel et al, 1989;Smith & Selander, 1990;Smith et al, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference collection of strains of the Salmonella typhimurium complex from natural populations

Beltran

Plock

Smith

et al. 1991

Journal of General Microbiology

131

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A collection of 72 reference strains of the Sufmoneffu typhimurium complex of clones recovered from a variety of hosts and environmental sources in diverse geographic locations has been established for use in studies of variation in natural populations. Included are strains of the serovars S typhimurium, S. sdntpuuf, S. heidefberg, S.purutyphi B (including varietyjatra) and S. muenchen. The strains, which have been characterized by enzyme electrophoresis for allelic variation in 24 chromosomal structural genes and represent 48 distinctive multilocus genotypes (electrophoretic types or ETs), exemplify the full range of genotypic variation in the S. typhimurium complex. Evolutionary genetic relationships among the ETs are indicated in a phylogenetic tree generated by the neighbourjoining method from a matrix of Nei's standard genetic distance.

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“…S. bongori, formerly referred to as ssp. V, was assigned a separate species based initially on its different biotype and phylogenetic data acquired by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) (1,2).…”

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confidence: 99%

Evolutionary genomics of Salmonella : Gene acquisitions revealed by microarray analysis

Porwollik

Wong

McClelland

2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

232

207

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The presence of homologues of Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium LT2 genes was assessed in 22 other Salmonella including members of all seven subspecies and Salmonella bongori. Genomes were hybridized to a microarray of over 97% of the 4,596 annotated ORFs in the LT2 genome. A phylogenetic tree based on homologue content, relative to LT2, was largely concordant with previous studies using sequence information from several loci. Based on the topology of this tree, homologues of genes in LT2 acquired by various clades were predicted including 513 homologues acquired by the ancestor of all Salmonella, 111 acquired by S. enterica, 105 by diphasic Salmonella, and 216 by subspecies 1, most of which are of unknown function. Because this subspecies is responsible for almost all Salmonella infections of mammals and birds, these genes will be of particular interest for further mechanistic studies. Overall, a high level of gene gain, loss, or rapid divergence was predicted along all lineages. For example, at least 425 close homologues of LT2 genes may have been laterally transferred into Salmonella and then between Salmonella lineages. S almonellae are divided taxonomically into two species, Salmonella enterica, and Salmonella bongori. S. enterica is comprised of more than 2,000 serovars assigned to seven subspecies (ssp): I, II, IIIa, IIIb, IV, VI, and VII. S. bongori, formerly referred to as ssp. V, was assigned a separate species based initially on its different biotype and phylogenetic data acquired by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) (1, 2).The Salmonella Reference Collection C (SARC) contains 16 strains used in DNA sequence studies encompassing two strains each from all seven subgroups of S. enterica and S. bongori (3). Data from MLEE analysis of 24 loci and from the combined sequences of five housekeeping genes both are consistent in their prediction of S. bongori as an outgroup. The common ancestor of ssp. I, II, IIIb, and VI acquired the mechanism of flagellar antigen shifting, which is thought to play an important role in adaptation of the salmonellae to warm-blooded hosts (4). Subsequently, ssp. I became highly specialized for mammals and birds, with some serovars adapting to a single host species (e.g., S. enterica sv. Typhi in humans). Overall, ssp. I accounts for more than 99% of enteric and systemic infections in humans (5).DNA microarray technology is an emerging technique to investigate genetic relationships between closely related bacterial strains. Species analyzed with this method include Helicobacter pylori (6-8), Campylobacter (9), mycobacteria (10), Staphylococcus aureus (11), obligate endosymbionts of the tsetse fly (12, 13), Shewanella oneidensis (14), Pseudomonas species (15), and Vibrio cholerae (16).The completed genome sequence of S. enterica sv. Typhimurium (STM) LT2 (17) allowed us to construct an LT2 microarray of PCR-amplified whole ORFs representing over 97% of the 4,596 coding sequences assigned to the bacterium. With this LT2 chip we compared the genetic content of the Salmonell...

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Toward a population genetic analysis of Salmonella: genetic diversity and relationships among strains of serotypes S. choleraesuis, S. derby, S. dublin, S. enteritidis, S. heidelberg, S. infantis, S. newport, and S. typhimurium.

Cited by 194 publications

References 24 publications

Genotypes and phylogenetic relationships of Salmonella typhimurium are defined by molecular fingerprinting of IS200 and 16S rrn loci

Genotypes and phylogenetic relationships of Salmonella typhimurium are defined by molecular fingerprinting of IS200 and 16S rrn loci

Reference collection of strains of the Salmonella typhimurium complex from natural populations

Evolutionary genomics of Salmonella : Gene acquisitions revealed by microarray analysis

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