Toward a global foot and mouth disease vaccine bank network

Barnett, P.V.; Bashiruddin, J. B.; Hammond, J. M.; Geale, Dorothy W.; Paton, David

doi:10.20506/rst.29.3.2000

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In this study, we assumed that an initial supply of vaccine would be available shortly after FMD is declared in Scotland, regardless of the strain and serotype of the virus involved in the outbreak. Quick access to vaccine can be achieved by calling upon national or international bank(s) of fully formulated FMD vaccines and/or FMD antigen ( 34 , 35 ). The UK decision to leave the EU (known as “Brexit”) has introduced uncertainty regarding the ability of the UK to access European and international vaccine banks ( 36 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Economic Impact of Vaccine Availability When Controlling Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreaks

2018

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Predictive models have been used extensively to assess the likely effectiveness of vaccination policies as part of control measures in the event of a foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreak. However, the availability of vaccine stocks and the impact of vaccine availability on disease control strategies represent a key uncertainty when assessing potential control strategies. Using an epidemiological, spatially explicit, simulation model in combination with a direct cost calculator, we assessed how vaccine availability constraints may affect the economic benefit of a “vaccination-to-live” strategy during a FMD outbreak in Scotland, when implemented alongside culling of infected premises and dangerous contacts. We investigated the impact of vaccine stock size and restocking delays on epidemiological and economic outcomes. We also assessed delays in the initial decision to vaccinate, maximum daily vaccination capacity, and vaccine efficacy. For scenarios with conditions conducive to large outbreaks, all vaccination strategies perform better than the strategy where only culling is implemented. A stock of 200,000 doses, enough to vaccinate 12% of the Scottish cattle population, would be sufficient to maximize the relative benefits of vaccination, both epidemiologically and economically. However, this generates a wider variation in economic cost than if vaccination is not implemented, making outcomes harder to predict. The probability of direct costs exceeding £500 million is reduced when vaccination is used and is steadily reduced further as the size of initial vaccine stock increases. If only a suboptimal quantity of vaccine doses is initially available (100,000 doses), restocking delays of more than 2 weeks rapidly increase the cost of controlling outbreaks. Impacts of low vaccine availability or restocking delays are particularly aggravated by delays in the initial decision to vaccinate, or low vaccine efficacy. Our findings confirm that implementing an emergency vaccination-to-live strategy in addition to the conventional stamping out strategy is economically beneficial in scenarios with conditions conducive to large FMD outbreaks in Scotland. However, the size of the initial vaccine stock available at the start of the outbreak and the interplay with other factors, such as vaccine efficacy and delays in restocking or implementing vaccination, should be considered in making decisions about optimal control strategies for FMD outbreaks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Economic Impact of Vaccine Availability When Controlling Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreaks

2018

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“…Vaccine banks are typically stock of vaccine antigen concentrate, ready to be formulated into finished vaccines or ready-to-use products able to be rapidly deployed for emergency response with the overall goal of reducing the time between detection of disease and vaccination response. Vaccine banks were historically developed by FMD-free countries to control unexpected incursion of disease after vaccination campaigns end and disease-free status is gained (Barnett et al, 2010;Lei and McKercher, 1979;Lombard and Fussel, 2007). In fact, the first mention of this approach was following a devastating FMD outbreak in Great Britain in 1967-1968 after a commission charged with examining the outbreak made the recommendation to enhance preparedness for future control.…”

Section: Stockpiling Vaccines For Emergency Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the 1970s, manufacturers developed novel methods to purify, concentrate, and store inactivated FMD antigen that allowed for resistance to freezing at ultra-low temperatures (liquid nitrogen). This process ultimately led to an extension of shelf-life when product was stored as vaccine antigen concentrate (VAC) (Barnett et al, 2010;Lombard and Fussel, 2007). A major drawback for the storage of VAC is the time required to take the VAC and finish (blending, formulating, filling) into a final vaccine that was ready for field deployment.…”

Section: Stockpiling Vaccines For Emergency Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in Having Vaccines Available to Control Transboundary Diseases of Livestock

Lewis

Roth

2022

Current Issues in Molecular Biology

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The global human population is growing at a rapid rate leading to the need for continued expansion of food animal production to meet the world's increasing nutritional requirements. As a consequence of this increased production demand, the use of high volume, animal dense systems have expanded providing high quality protein at reduced costs. Backyard animal production has also expanded. This increased food animal production has facilitated the rapid spread, mutation, and adaptation of pathogens to new hosts. This scenario continues to drive the emergence and reemergence of diseases in livestock species increasing the urgency for development and availability of vaccines for transboundary animal diseases (TADs). Even though vaccines are widely recognized as being an essential tool for control of TADs, there are many scientific, economic, political, and logistical challenges to having vaccine available to control an outbreak. This article will focus on examples of the challenges associated with having vaccines available for emergency response, as well as the characteristics of "ideal" TAD vaccines, the need for complementary diagnostic assays, and hurdles involved in bringing efficacious veterinary TAD vaccines to market including regulatory constraints and considerations for stockpiling vaccines for emergency use in non-endemic countries. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 42: 1-40. caister.com/cimb caister.com/cimb 1 Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. Vol. 42Vaccines for Transboundary Diseases Lewis and RothExamples will also highlight the complicated interplay between animal health and human health and demonstrate the lasting benefits that can be gained from an efficacious vaccine.

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“…For example, the OIE FMD vaccine bank delivered a total of three million doses to five countries in Asia between 2012 and 2015 (15). Similarly, the EU vaccine bank has been used for emergencies in some non-Member States, including Albania and the Republic of North Macedonia (1996), Morocco and Algeria (1999), Turkey (2000 and 2006) and Iraq (2009), as well as being provided to several countries in the Far East (10).…”

Section: Meeting Vaccine Needs Through International Solidarity and Public-private Partnershipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of vaccine banks in resilience, response and recovery in respect of animal diseases

Dungu¹

2020

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

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Veterinary vaccine banks, also referred to as vaccine stockpiles or vaccine strategic reserves, play an important role in the response to infectious animal diseases, by assisting control of the disease and resilience in recovering from its effects. Vaccine banks have a part to play in both emergencies and control programmes. The concept of vaccine banks was initially established as a countermeasure to an animal disease emergency or outbreak or the introduction of a new disease. They have increasingly been used to prevent important diseases identified by Veterinary Authorities as requiring a well-planned control programme through vaccination. Vaccine banks can consist of physical or virtual reserves, or the maintenance of production capacity. Physical reserves comprise vaccine antigen or readyto-use vaccines. Virtual reserves include inventory management by vaccine manufacturers. Maintenance of production capacity encompasses management of the vaccine seed material, and the maintenance of knowledge by the manufacturers through continued research into the target vaccines. The establishment, maintenance and implementation of vaccine banks depend on a number of prerequisites, which include a strategy for the physical or virtual vaccine stockpile, a legislative framework, regulatory arrangements, effective supply-chain mechanisms and adequate surveillance systems. Through international solidarity, vaccine banks are available and accessible to countries that do not have their own reserves. The World Organisation for Animal Health and European Union vaccine banks perform this task. Moreover, vaccine banks have facilitated access to important public health vaccines, such as rabies vaccines. These issues are discussed below, as well as potential opportunities for public-private partnerships in different aspects of vaccine banks.

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Toward a global foot and mouth disease vaccine bank network

Cited by 6 publications

References 3 publications

Assessing the Economic Impact of Vaccine Availability When Controlling Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreaks

Assessing the Economic Impact of Vaccine Availability When Controlling Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreaks

Challenges in Having Vaccines Available to Control Transboundary Diseases of Livestock

The role of vaccine banks in resilience, response and recovery in respect of animal diseases

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