Toward a consensus on symbolic notation of harmonics, resonances, and formants in vocalization

Titze, Ingo R.; Baken, R.J.; Bozeman, Kenneth; Granqvist, Svante; Henrich, Nathalie; Herbst, Christian T.; Howard, David M.; Hunter, Eric J.; Kaelin, Dean; Kent, Raymond D.; Kreiman, Jody; Kob, Malte; Löfqvist, Anders; McCoy, Scott; Miller, Donald G.; Noé, Hubert; Scherer, Ronald C.; Smith, John R. Lindsay; Story, Brad H.; Švec, Jan G.; Ternström, Sten; Wolfe, Joe

doi:10.1121/1.4919349

Cited by 108 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Rather, the assumption is made that the resonance frequencies closely mirror the formant frequencies F n , measured as peaks in the output spectrum at the mouth. Hence, the approximation f Rn ≈ F n is assumed in subsequent discussions and the symbolic notation F n is used (Titze et al, 2015) with the full understanding that F n is not exactly equal to f Rn .] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Formant Range Profile for Singers

Titze

Maxfield²,

Walker³

2017

Journal of Voice

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Vowel selection is important in differentiating between singing styles. The timbre of the vocal instrument, which is related to its frequency spectrum, is governed by both the glottal sound source and the vowel choices made by singers. Consequently, the ability to modify the vowel space is a measure of how successfully a singer can maintain a desired timbre across a range of pitches. Formant range profiles (FRPs) were produced as a means of quantifying this ability. 77 subjects (including trained and untrained vocalists) participated, producing vowels with three intended mouth shapes, (1) neutral or speech-like, (2) megaphone-shaped (wide open mouth), and (3) inverted-megaphone-shaped (widened oropharynx with moderate mouth opening). The first and second formant frequencies (F1 and F2) were estimated with fry phonation for each shape and values were plotted in F1–F2 space. By taking four vowels of a quadrangle /i, æ, a, u/, the resulting area was quantified in kHz2 (kHz squared) as a measure of the subject’s ability to modify their vocal tract for spectral differences.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Formant Range Profile for Singers

Titze

Maxfield²,

Walker³

2017

Journal of Voice

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“…This was done within each speech type. Mean fundamental frequency f o based on (Titze, Baken, Bozeman et al, 2015)) for the vowels within the stimulus syllables was measured and syllables selected in ADS and IDS fell within +/À 20 Hz of 247 Hz. This resulted in 18 combinations of auditory and visual stimuli.…”

Section: Experimental Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

Perception of audiovisual infant directed speech

Englund

Behne

2019

Scandinavian J Psychology

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Infant perception often deals with audiovisual speech input and a first step in processing this input is to perceive both visual and auditory information. The speech directed to infants has special characteristics and may enhance visual aspects of speech. The current study was designed to explore the impact of visual enhancement in infant‐directed speech (IDS) on audiovisual mismatch detection in a naturalistic setting. Twenty infants participated in an experiment with a visual fixation task conducted in participants’ homes. Stimuli consisted of IDS and adult‐directed speech (ADS) syllables with a plosive and the vowel /a:/, /i:/ or /u:/. These were either audiovisually congruent or incongruent. Infants looked longer at incongruent than congruent syllables and longer at IDS than ADS syllables, indicating that IDS and incongruent stimuli contain cues that can make audiovisual perception challenging and thereby attract infants’ gaze.

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“…In this paper, we propose an alternative approach, which does not estimate the random components directly and does not need to sacrifice the temporal resolution. It starts from revisiting our legacy- 1 We use "fo" instead of "F0" based on the recommendation [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Modulation Property of Time-Frequency Derivatives of Filtered Phase and its Application to Aperiodicity and fo Estimation

et al. 2017

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We introduce a simple and linear SNR (strictly speaking, periodic to random power ratio) estimator (0 dB to 80 dB without additional calibration/linearization) for providing reliable descriptions of aperiodicity in speech corpus. The main idea of this method is to estimate the background random noise level without directly extracting the background noise. The proposed method is applicable to a wide variety of time windowing functions with very low sidelobe levels. The estimate combines the frequency derivative and the time-frequency derivative of the mapping from filter center frequency to the output instantaneous frequency. This procedure can replace the periodicity detection and aperiodicity estimation subsystems of recently introduced open source vocoder, YANG vocoder. Source code of MAT-LAB implementation of this method will also be open sourced.

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Toward a consensus on symbolic notation of harmonics, resonances, and formants in vocalization

Cited by 108 publications

References 6 publications

A Formant Range Profile for Singers

A Formant Range Profile for Singers

Perception of audiovisual infant directed speech

A Modulation Property of Time-Frequency Derivatives of Filtered Phase and its Application to Aperiodicity and fo Estimation

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