Nilotinib (Tasigna) is a tyrosine
kinase inhibitor approved by
the FDA to treat chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients.
It is also a transport substrate of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC)
drug efflux transporters ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein, P-gp) and ABCG2 (BCRP),
which may have an effect on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of this
drug. The goal of this study was to identify pharmacophoric features
of nilotinib in order to potentially develop specific inhibitors of
BCR-ABL kinase with minimal interactions with ABC drug transporters.
Three-dimensional pharmacophore modeling and quantitative structure–activity
relationship (QSAR) studies were carried out on a series of nilotinib
analogues to identify chemical features that contribute to inhibitory
activity of nilotinib against BCR-ABL kinase activity, P-gp, and ABCG2.
Twenty-five derivatives of nilotinib were synthesized and were then
tested to measure their activity to inhibit BCR-ABL kinase and to
inhibit the function of ABC drug transporters. A set of in
vitro experiments including kinase activity and cell-based
transport assays and photolabeling of P-gp and ABCG2 with a transport
substrate, [125I]-iodoarylazido-prazosin (IAAP), were carried
out in isolated membranes to evaluate the potency of the derivatives
to inhibit the function of ABC drug transporters and BCR-ABL kinase.
Sixteen, fourteen, and ten compounds were selected as QSAR data sets,
respectively, to generate PHASE v3.1 pharmacophore models for BCR-ABL
kinase, ABCG2, and P-gp inhibitors. The IC50 values of
these derivatives against P-gp, ABCG2, or BCR-ABL kinase were used
to generate pharmacophore features required for optimal interactions
with these targets. A seven-point pharmacophore (AADDRRR) for BCR-ABL
kinase inhibitory activity, a six-point pharmacophore (ADHRRR) for
ABCG2 inhibitory activity, and a seven-point pharmacophore (AADDRRR)
for P-gp inhibitory activity were generated. The derived models clearly
demonstrate high predictive power for test sets of BCR-ABL, ABCG2,
and P-gp inhibitors. In aggregate, these results should aid in the
development of specific inhibitors of BCR-ABL kinase that exhibit
no or minimal interaction with ABC drug transporters.