“…For example, the government in New Zealand uses the performance-based research fund to grant funding to higher education institutions (HEIs) with more active research activities at the international and national levels (Mutch & Tatebe, 2017). The managerial accountability and performativity culture have also become more prevalent in various Asian countries, such as in China (Gu & Levin, 2021;Huang, 2020), Hongkong (W. V. Chan et al, 2020;Postiglione & Jung, 2017), Korea (Lee & Lee, 2013), and the Philippines (Sannadan & Lang-ay, 2021). At the national level, the emphasis on accountability and performativity has transformed HEIs in some nations, such as Singapore (Cheong, 2017), Taiwan (Shreeve, 2020), and China (Gu & Levin, 2021;Shi et al, 2018), into world-class universities.…”