Tourmaline the Indicator Mineral: From Atomic Arrangement to Viking Navigation

Hawthorne, Frank C.; Dirlam, Dona M.

doi:10.2113/gselements.7.5.307

Cited by 81 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The reason that the cation distribution of dravite remains almost unchanged after thermal treatment may be ascribed to extensive local clustering of specific cations and anions that can occur in tourmaline (e.g., Taylor et al 1995;Skogby et al 2012) due to the effect of the local valencesum rule (e.g., Hawthorne 1996; Bosi 2011). As a result, the chemical constituents have extremely slow diffusion rates in the structure, preserving the local atomic ordering (e.g., van Hinsberg et al 2011;Hawthorne and Dirlam 2011).…”

Section: Infrared Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal stability of extended clusters in dravite: a combined EMP, SREF and FTIR study

2016

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Section: Infrared Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal stability of extended clusters in dravite: a combined EMP, SREF and FTIR study

2016

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“…Hawthorne and Dirlam, 2011). This crystallographic asymmetry is particularly important at low temperatures where it is responsible for differential growth rates resulting in more rapid growth at the +c pole, highly hemimorphic crystal shapes (or even monopolar growth on preexisting crystals), and distinct polar and sectoral chemical zoning (Dietrich, 1985;Henry and Dutrow, 1996;Henry et al, 1999;van Hinsberg et al, 2011a).…”

Section: Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Of Tourmalinementioning

confidence: 99%

Tourmaline at diagenetic to low-grade metamorphic conditions: Its petrologic applicability

Henry

Dutrow

2012

Lithos

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“…; V = OH 1-, O 2-; and W = OH 1-, F 1-, O 2-. A recent review of the crystal chemistry of the tourmaline supergroup minerals is provided by Hawthorne and Dirlam (2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A single-crystal neutron and X-ray diffraction study of elbaite

et al. 2012

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The crystal chemistry and crystal structure of gem-quality elbaite from the Pederneira mine, São José da Safira, Minas Gerais, Brazil, were investigated by electron microprobe analysis in wavelength dispersive mode, unpolarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, singlecrystal neutron and X-ray diffraction. The average chemical formula of the sample resulted X (Na 0.73 Ca 0.06 h 0.21 )and the chemical analysis showed an almost homogeneous distribution of the principal elements over the crystal, with significant amounts of Fe (wt% FeO * 3.1) and Mn (wt% MnO * 1.3) which substitute Y Al. The infrared spectrum over the diagnostic range of fundamental hydroxyl stretching vibrations is characterized by three strong absorption bands at 3,591 (m 1 ), 3,562 (m 2 ), and 3,491 (m 3 ) cm -1 , respectively. The neutron structure refinement showed: (a) the presence of boron at the B site only and (b) the absence (at a significant level) of aluminum at the T site, which appears to be fully occupied by silicon. Only one proton site was successfully located. The H bond configuration is described with O3 as ''donor'' and O5 as ''acceptor.'' The O3-H bond distance corrected for ''riding motion'' is 0.9834 Å , and HÁÁÁO5 = 2.238(7) Å , O3ÁÁÁO5 = 3.152(4) Å and O3-HÁÁÁO5 = 157.7(5)°. The reasons of the positional disorder at the O1 and O2 sites, observed in both neutron and X-ray refinements, are discussed.

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Tourmaline the Indicator Mineral: From Atomic Arrangement to Viking Navigation

Cited by 81 publications

References 22 publications

Thermal stability of extended clusters in dravite: a combined EMP, SREF and FTIR study

Thermal stability of extended clusters in dravite: a combined EMP, SREF and FTIR study

Tourmaline at diagenetic to low-grade metamorphic conditions: Its petrologic applicability

A single-crystal neutron and X-ray diffraction study of elbaite

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