Tourmaline synergized with persulfate for degradation of sulfadiazine: Influencing parameters and reaction mechanism

Comparison of Four Tourmalines for PS Activation to Degrade Sulfamethazine: Efficiency, Kinetics and Mechanisms

“…The dissociation of Na and Ca leaves electrons at the X position. The electric neutrality of TM is maintained by trapping holes, resulting in the formation of an electron–hole structure, which agrees with vacancy formation in NiO [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Natural iron-rich tourmalines as effective catalysts for the heterogeneous and homogeneous activation of HCO3−/H2O2 to achieve the degradation of typical dyes

“…In the past years, several studies have demonstrated that tourmalines can serve as heterogeneous catalysts to activate persulfate to form reactive radicals (such as ˙SO 4 − , ˙OH, and ˙O 2 − ) for the degradation of organic pollutants. 20–24 In addition, our previous work has found that tourmaline has the property of slightly dissolving transition metal ions (such as Fe ions and Mg ions) into aqueous solution, 25 which hints that those transition metal ions may activate HCO 3 − /H 2 O 2 to produce ROSs as homogeneous catalysts. Inspired by these reports and based on the environmental compatibility, abundant resources and low-cost supply of natural tourmaline, it is worth investigating typical tourmalines as catalysts for the activation of HCO 3 − /H 2 O 2 to treat organic pollutants.…”

A Novel Natural Iron-Rich Tourmaline Activated Bisulfite System for the Efficient Degradation of Aqueous Imidacloprid

“…34−37 In comparison with homogeneous catalysis, the spontaneous electric field of TML could accelerate the valence cycling of iron ions in the reaction process. 37 Previous studies have reported that SO 4…”

“…The general chemical formula of TML can be described as XY 3 Z 6 (T 6 O 18 )­(BO 3 ) 3 V 3 W, where the X site is normally occupied by Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , or a vacancy; the Y site is normally occupied by Li + , Mg 2+ , Al 3+ , Fe 2+ , or Fe 3+ ; the Z site is normally occupied by Al 3+ , Mg 2+ , or Fe 3+ ; the T site represents Si 4+ , Al 3+ , or B 3+ , while V and W sites are usually occupied by anions (e.g., OH – , O 2– , F – ). , TML is capable of acting as an adsorbent to remove heavy metals and organic pollutants from aqueous solutions, − as well as a remediation agent for contaminated soil . TML and its composites have been widely used as efficient catalysts in AOPs recently. − The abundant metal ions and active sites on the surface of TML could act as catalysts (e.g., TiO 2 ) for pollutant removal. − In comparison with homogeneous catalysis, the spontaneous electric field of TML could accelerate the valence cycling of iron ions in the reaction process . Previous studies have reported that SO 4 •– and • OH were the predominant radicals in the Fe­(II/III)/BS based AOPs (eqs –).…”