Tourism and Political Change in Franco’s Spain

Energy metabolism of the Balearic Islands (1986–2012)

“…Mass tourism was promoted in the West during the second half of the XX century because of the expansion of the consumer society and also a consequence to the development of the leisure industry. Since then, tourism has been part of the official agenda of institutions, governments and capital, as a strategy to increase currency and international capital and to escalate positions in the global economy (Hawkins and Mann, 2007;Pack, 2006).…”

The defence of health : the debates on health reform in 1970s Spain

“…The mass media, the arrival of European tourists 37 and the increasing familiarity with European habits and ways of thinking had a significant impact on the development of positive new cultural concepts of the body and health. Although these new behaviours and ideas had no direct consequences on health policies, we can consider them as one of the causes of the growing health demands of the final years of the dictatorship.…”

Tourism, gender and consumer culture in late- and post-authoritarian Portugal

“…By 1964, the number of international tourists had reached the million mark, a figure that would rise threefold in the next 6 years (Pina, 1988). It looked like Portugal was following in the footsteps of other South European countries, though on a more modest scale than neighbouring Spain, which had seen the number of foreign visitors go up from 1 million, as early as 1954, to 19 million, in 1969 (Pack, 2010: 53, 55), largely on account of the efforts and policies of Manuel Fraga Iribarne, Franco’s Minister of Information and Tourism from 1962 to 1969. On this side of the border, the authoritarian regime never went so far as raise tourism to such high cabinet functions: the state propaganda organ (rebaptised, in 1968, State Secretariat for Information and Tourism (SEIT)) continued to regulate the sector, favouring the development of the ‘high-quality’ end of the market within a private initiative framework.…”

“…In Portugal, a late industrialiser with great social inequalities, it arrived later. The number of beds and tourist visitors would only recuperate their pre-war values in the late 1950s – in Spain, pre-1936 figures for foreign entries had been surpassed in 1949 (Pack, 2010: 53) – while the right to paid holidays would not become law before 1969 (Britain had had its Holidays With Pay Act in 1938). The extension of this right to all, nevertheless, had to wait for the revolutionary Constitution of 1976 (Cavaco, 1980: 245).…”

“… 14. Unlike Spain (Pack, 2010: 51), Portugal benefited from the Marshall Plan. It was also a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO), in 1949, joining the United Nations in 1955. …”