« Toumaï », Miocène supérieur du Tchad, le nouveau doyen du rameau humain

Brunet, Michel; Guy, Franck; Boisserie, Jean‐Renaud; Djimdoumalbaye, Ahounta; Lehmann, Thomas; Lihoreau, Fabrice; Louchart, Antoine; Schuster, Mathieu; Tafforeau, Paul; Likius, Andossa; Mackaye, Hassane Taïsso; Blondel, Cécile; Bocherens, Hervé; Bonis, Louis de; Coppens, Yves; Denis, Christiane; Duringer, Philippe; Eisenmann, Véra; Flisch, Alexander; Geraads, Denis; López-Martı́nez, Nieves; Otero, Olga; Campomanes, Pablo Peláez; Pilbeam, David; León, Marcia Ponce de; Vignaud, Patrick; Viriot, Laurent; Zollikofer, Christoph P.E.

doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2004.04.004

Cited by 27 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The oldest is Sahelanthropus tchadensis and has been redated recently between 6.5 and 7.4 Ma (Brunet et al 2005 ). Its authors (Brunet et al 2004 ) state: “The new hominid is probably temporally close to the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans but displays a unique combination of primitive and derived characters that clearly shows a close relationship to later hominids rather than with chimpanzees or gorilla”, adding (2005) that supplementing findings “confirm the morphological differences between S. tchadensis and African apes”. Zollikofer et al ( 2005 ) suggest: “Analysis of the basicranium further indicates that S. tchadensis might have been an upright biped, suggesting that bipedalism was present in the earliest known hominids, and probably arose soon after the divergence of the chimpanzee and human lineages.” But they qualify: “However, postcranial evidence will be necessary to test more rigorously the hypothesis that S. tchadensis ... was a biped”.…”

Section: From Miocene To Pleistocenementioning

confidence: 98%

“…For the first biped known, O. tugenensis , Sénut ( 2004 , p. 377) noted a “predominance of impalas and colobine monkeys” indicating the combination of grass and forested area, and continued: “... the presence of carbonate oncoliths and concretions of algal or bacterial origin... suggest that Orrorin inhabited a forested environment on the fringe of a lake margin, where hot springs could be found.” Thus, nowadays, early bipedality is related to an ancestor that “occupied a relatively humid environment” (Sénut and Pickford 2004 ; also Sénut 2006 ). Although disputed, according to its authors (Brunet et al 2004 ), Sahelanthropus is another putative fossil hominin which is some 6.5 Ma old. They point out: “The fauna comprises vertebrates that are aquatic (fish, turtles, crocodiles) and amphibious (anthracotheriids, hippopotamids) but also species adapted to the gallery and islet forests (monkeys), wooded savanna (proboscideans, giraffids, suids, etc.)…”

Section: Evolutionary Hypotheses For the Evolution Of Habitual Bipedamentioning

confidence: 99%

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The evolution of the upright posture and gait—a review and a new synthesis

Niemitz

2010

Naturwissenschaften

126

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During the last century, approximately 30 hypotheses have been constructed to explain the evolution of the human upright posture and locomotion. The most important and recent ones are discussed here. Meanwhile, it has been established that all main hypotheses published until the last decade of the past century are outdated, at least with respect to some of their main ideas: Firstly, they were focused on only one cause for the evolution of bipedality, whereas the evolutionary process was much more complex. Secondly, they were all placed into a savannah scenario. During the 1990s, the fossil record allowed the reconstruction of emerging bipedalism more precisely in a forested habitat (e.g., as reported by Clarke and Tobias (Science 269:521–524, 1995) and WoldeGabriel et al. (Nature 412:175–178, 2001)). Moreover, the fossil remains revealed increasing evidence that this part of human evolution took place in a more humid environment than previously assumed. The Amphibian Generalist Theory, presented first in the year 2000, suggests that bipedalism began in a wooded habitat. The forests were not far from a shore, where our early ancestor, along with its arboreal habits, walked and waded in shallow water finding rich food with little investment. In contrast to all other theories, wading behaviour not only triggers an upright posture, but also forces the individual to maintain this position and to walk bipedally. So far, this is the only scenario suitable to overcome the considerable anatomical and functional threshold from quadrupedalism to bipedalism. This is consistent with paleoanthropological findings and with functional anatomy as well as with energetic calculations, and not least, with evolutionary psychology. The new synthesis presented here is able to harmonise many of the hitherto competing theories.

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Section: From Miocene To Pleistocenementioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Evolutionary Hypotheses For the Evolution Of Habitual Bipedamentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of the upright posture and gait—a review and a new synthesis

Niemitz

2010

Naturwissenschaften

126

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“…, , Vignaud et al. , Brunet & MPFT ). Serengetilagus has also been reported from the late Miocene of the Middle Awash, Ethiopia (Adu‐Asa Formation, 5.8–5.2 Ma; Wesselman et al.…”

Section: Late Miocene Leporid Localities In the Old Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the end of the Miocene saw widespread appearance of diverse leporids north and east of the Mediterranean Sea, López-Martínez et al (2007) were struck by the apparently later influx of Leporidae into the late Miocene African record ( Fig. 1 (Brunet et al 2002, Vignaud et al 2002, Brunet & MPFT 2004. Serengetilagus has also been reported from the late Miocene of the Middle Awash, Ethiopia (Adu-Asa Formation, 5.8-5.2 Ma; Wesselman et al 2009), and from the Tugen Hills, Kenya (Lukeino Formation, 6.1-5.8 Ma in Mein & Pickford 2006; but see further discussion).…”

Section: Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

TheLeporidDatum: a lateMiocene biotic marker

et al. 2013

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Although Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas) have a long evolutionary history in Eurasia and Africa, including primitive genera of Eurasia historically considered assignable at the family level to Leporidae, the predecessors of modern rabbits were absent throughout this vast region for most of the Miocene until late in that epoch. During the early and middle Miocene, crown group Leporidae differentiated in North America, then dispersed to northern Asia in the late Miocene around 8 Ma (million years before present) and afterward. They then spread widely and apparently rapidly throughout Eurasia, reaching South Asia by 7.4 Ma and penetrating Africa about 7 Ma. The apparently abrupt introduction of Leporidae is a striking late Miocene event that we call the Leporid Datum. Perceived in terms of biochrons, the Leporid Datum includes localities in Europe and western Asia of late MN11 (Mammifères Néogènes system) age and younger, and precedes by less than one million years the Bahean‐Baodean land mammal age boundary in China. The late Miocene spread of Leporidae throughout Eurasia was a successful invasion in terms of the numerous occurrences and abundant fossils preserved. Where dating is sufficiently robust, the Leporid Datum is late Miocene, nowhere certainly more than ∼8 Ma. In contrast to this sudden and widespread invasion, rare older finds suggest two possible refinements to this scenario: stem lagomorphs close to modern Leporidae may have lingered into the middle Miocene of Eurasia, or an independent, unsuccessful leporid invasion from North America may have preceded the 8 Ma datum. The Leporid Datum marks an important palaeoecological event for the Old World and complements the significance of molecular dates for origins of modern genera.

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“…With an age of c . 7 Ma (Brunet et al ., 2004), the material from Chad is markedly earlier than the single known, well‐dated Enhydriodon material. This, and the differences mentioned above, support the generic distinction of TM 293‐05‐006 and ‐053.…”

Section: Systematic Palaeontologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Miocene Carnivora from Chad: Lutrinae (Mustelidae)

Peigné¹,

Bonis²,

Likius³

et al. 2008

Zool J Linn Soc

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We describe extensive Late Miocene fossil Lutrinae from Toros-Menalla, Chad. A minimum of four species are present in this fossiliferous area. Such a large number of species, diverse in size and dental morphology, is significant and unique in the fossil record of the subfamily Lutrinae in the Neogene of Africa. Two new taxa are described, Sivaonyx beyi sp. nov. and Djourabus dabba gen. nov. sp. nov.; the two other species, which are represented by more fragmentary remains, are assigned to Lutrinae indet. aff. Torolutra sp. and Lutrinae indet. aff. Aonyx sp. Sivaonyx beyi is the best known of the species. It is represented by many dental remains and a subcomplete skeleton. Postcranial characters of this species are not particularly specialized. It is interpreted here as a terrestrial predator with poorly developed aquatic adaptations. Fossils of otters are known from ten different localities at Toros-Menalla, each of which yielded a single individual of one or two species. The presence of four morphologically distinct otters in the area is indicative of a palaeoenvironment with a relatively well-developed freshwater system of lakes and/or rivers.

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« Toumaï », Miocène supérieur du Tchad, le nouveau doyen du rameau humain

Cited by 27 publications

References 14 publications

The evolution of the upright posture and gait—a review and a new synthesis

The evolution of the upright posture and gait—a review and a new synthesis

TheLeporidDatum: a lateMiocene biotic marker

Late Miocene Carnivora from Chad: Lutrinae (Mustelidae)

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