Toughening of photo-curable polymer networks: a review

Ligon-Auer, Samuel Clark; Schwentenwein, Martin; Gorsche, Christian; Stampfl, Jürgen; Liska, Robert

doi:10.1039/c5py01631b

Cited by 323 publications

(286 citation statements)

References 236 publications

(262 reference statements)

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“…[1,2] Currently, conventional thermosetting photopolymers used in industrial applications are most often prepared from either multifunctional (meth)acrylate-based photoinitiated radical chain-growth polymerizations or epoxy-based cationic polymerizations triggered via photoacid generators. [3–5] These reactions exhibit rapid polymerization kinetics in conjunction with the formation of polymers with both mechanical stiffness and strength. However, the maximum conversion achieved in these networks is often limited by vitrification at the cure temperature, [6–8] and the formation of heterogeneous network structures [9] also results in impaired material properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photopolymerized Triazole‐Based Glassy Polymer Networks with Superior Tensile Toughness

Han

Baranek

Worrell

et al. 2018

Adv Funct Materials

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Photopolymerization is a ubiquitous, indispensable technique widely applied in applications from coatings, inks, and adhesives to thermosetting restorative materials for medical implants, and the fabrication of complex macro-scale, microscale, and nanoscale 3D architectures via additive manufacturing. However, due to the brittleness inherent in the dominant acrylate-based photopolymerized networks, a significant need exists for higher performance resin/oligomer formulations to create tough, defect-free, mechanically ductile, thermally and chemically resistant, high modulus network polymers with rapid photocuring kinetics. This study presents densely cross-linked triazole-based glassy photopolymers capable of achieving preeminent toughness of ≈70 MJ m−3 and 200% strain at ambient temperature, comparable to conventional tough thermoplastics. Formed either via photoinitiated copper(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition of monomers containing azide and alkyne groups (CuAAC) or via photoinitiated thiol-ene reactions from monomers containing triazole rings, these triazole-containing thermosets completely recover their original dimensions and mechanical behavior after repeated deformations of 50% strain in the glassy state over multiple thermal recovery–strain cycles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photopolymerized Triazole‐Based Glassy Polymer Networks with Superior Tensile Toughness

Han

Baranek

Worrell

et al. 2018

Adv Funct Materials

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“…After its invention in the 1960s [1], the UV curing technology is much better known for its 5E characteristics (efficient, enabling, economical, energy saving and environment friendly) and has been widely applied in various industries, including paints, printing, packaging, surface protection and finishing, and device manufacturing in the form of products such as ink, coatings and adhesives [2,3]. Even in the rising 3D-printing market, the applications of UV-curing technology have exhibited a rapidly growing trend [4]. Currently, UVcurable coatings have the biggest share in the entire UV curing product market [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the performance of UV-curable coatings with carbon nanomaterials

Jiang¹,

Zhang²,

Zhang³

et al. 2018

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. By combining a trifunctional urethane acrylate synthesized from a hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer and caprolactone acrylate with a bifunctional urethane acrylate prepared from hydroxyethyl acrylate and isophorone diisocyanate, a new reactive resin mixture was prepared, and trimethylolpropane triacrylate was chosen as the thinner to constitute a novel coating matrix. Different amounts of multi-functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene oxide (GO) were introduced into the matrix and cured by ultraviolet radiation, producing different coatings. Utilizing the methods of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy, wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the chemical structures and physical properties of the coatings were analyzed. A series of ASTM methods, such as pencil hardness classification, RCA abrasion, crosscut adhesion test classification, and chemical resistance rub testing, were applied to investigate the performances of the coatings. It was found that introducing a small amount of carbon nanomaterials can improve the thermal stability, surface hardness, adhesion, abrasive resistance, and chemical resistance performance of the UV-curable coatings. The reasons and mechanisms of the performance improvements are discussed in this work.

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“…16, 30, 31 Herein, we investigate the structure-property relationship of chain- and step-polymerized entangled networks (i.e., methacrylate and CuAAC networks) using thermo-mechanical analysis of the IPN. We propose that the IPN formulation will overcome the brittle nature of methacrylate network, producing a toughened material that is effectively reinforced by the CuAAC network scaffold.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…16, 30, 31, 41 The brittleness of the pure methacrylate network (i.e., 100% Methacrylate) is clearly evident in Figure 4A with a strain at break of 8.3 ± 1.2% in tension. In the IPN form, the brittle methacrylate network component is reinforced by the tough CuAAC component imparting the high toughness associated with it.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typically, the reduction in T g of glassy networks for such thermal shape memory is attained by the addition of small molecular weight plasticizer species or solvent, which are prone to leach from the network. 31, 45 The brittle 100% Methacrylate network is incapable of withstanding even moderate flexural strain (>8%) and fails during deformation. In contrast, the 100% CuAAC network possess high toughness and exhibits shape memory attributes upon heating above its T g .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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One-pot blue-light triggered tough interpenetrating polymeric network (IPN) using CuAAC and methacrylate reactions

Shete

Kloxin

2017

Polym. Chem.

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An interpenetrating polymeric network (IPN) is formed in a one-pot blue-light activated scheme, where the step- and chain- growth polymerizations of the CuAAC and methacrylate reactions, respectively, are simultaneously triggered but proceed sequentially. The glassy IPN is polymerized under ambient conditions and is able to withstand high strain before failure owing to its significantly enhanced toughness. Additionally, this material exhibits shape memory attributes with readily tunable mechanical properties at high temperature.

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Toughening of photo-curable polymer networks: a review

Abstract: This review surveys relevant scientific papers and patents on the development of crosslinked epoxies and also photo-curable polymers based on multifunctional acrylates with improved toughness.

Cited by 323 publications

References 236 publications

Photopolymerized Triazole‐Based Glassy Polymer Networks with Superior Tensile Toughness

Photopolymerized Triazole‐Based Glassy Polymer Networks with Superior Tensile Toughness

Improving the performance of UV-curable coatings with carbon nanomaterials

One-pot blue-light triggered tough interpenetrating polymeric network (IPN) using CuAAC and methacrylate reactions

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