Total Water Intake from Beverages and Foods Is Associated with Energy Intake and Eating Behaviors in Korean Adults

Abstract

Water is essential for the proper functioning of the body. Even though a recommendation exists for adequate water intake for Koreans, studies identifying actual water intake from all beverages and foods consumed daily in the Korean population are limited. Thus, we estimated total water intake from both beverages and foods and its association with energy intake and eating behaviors in Korean adults. We used a nationally representative sample of 25,122 Korean adults aged ≥19 years, from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2012. We performed multiple regression analyses, adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related variables to investigate the contribution of overall energy and dietary intakes and eating behaviors to total water intake. The mean total water intake excluding plain water was 1071 g (398 g from beverages and 673 g from foods) and the estimated plain water intake was 1.3 L. Among Korean adults, 82% consumed beverages (excluding plain water) and these beverages contributed to 10% of daily energy intake and 32% of total water intake from beverages and foods. For every 100 kcal/day in energy intake, water intake consumed through beverages and foods increased by 18 g and 31 g, respectively. Water intake from beverages and foods was positively associated with energy from fat and dietary calcium, but inversely associated with energy density and energy from carbohydrates. When there was a 5% increase in energy intake from snacks and eating outside the home, there was an increase in water intake from beverages of 13 g and 2 g, respectively. Increased daily energy intake, the number of eating episodes, and energy intake from snacks and eating outside the home predicted higher water intake from beverages and foods. Our results provide evidence suggesting that various factors, including sociodemographic status, dietary intakes, and eating behaviors, could be important contributors to the water intake of Korean adults. Findings from this cross-sectional analysis may provide insight into strategies for promoting adequate water intake among Koreans.

Fluid intake patterns of children and adolescents: results of six Liq.In7 national cross-sectional surveys

“…Fluid intake has been evaluated using multiple regression analysis [19], principal component analysis [30] and a dynamic panel model [31]. Another multivariate technique that can be applied to fluid intake is cluster analysis.…”

“…Different methods of analyzing dietary patterns can be used in diverse populations, including principal component analysis, cluster analyses and more recently, reduced rank regression [ 29 ]. Fluid intake has been evaluated using multiple regression analysis [ 19 ], principal component analysis [ 30 ] and a dynamic panel model [ 31 ]. Another multivariate technique that can be applied to fluid intake is cluster analysis.…”

Tempo de trânsito intestinal de indivíduos portadores de Síndrome Metabólica pela Escala de Bristol

“…Além da idade, outra característi ca que tem sido associada ao trânsito intesti nal mais lento, é o sexo dos indivíduos. De maneira geral, o tempo de trânsito intesti nal em mulheres tende a ser maior que em homens, e estas também costumam apresentar mais consti pação devido a questões hormonais (AUGUSTO et al, 2017;DE GIORGIO et al, 2015;DRYWIÉ;GALON, 2016;LEE;SHIN;SONG, 2016;BOURAS;ROQUE et al, 2015;TRUMBO et al, 2005).…”

Water intake from foods and beverages and risk of mortality from CVD: the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study

“…The human consumption of fluids comes not only from plain water to quench thirst, but also some portion of our daily water intake comes from the moisture in foods and beverages. The proportion of plain water intake to total water intake differs among populations, depending on various factors such as sex, age, weight and climate (7)(8)(9)(10)(11) . However, the WHO recommends a daily water intake of 2•9 litres for men and 2•2 litres for women under standard conditions (12) .…”

“…The proportion of plain water intake out of total fluid intake has been shown to be variable among populations (7)(8)(9)(10)(11) . For example, this proportion was 33 % in US participants in the NHANES 2005-2006 (7) , 54 % in Korean participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008-2012 (8) and 53 % in adult dwellers of four cities in China (9) . Unfortunately, we do not have data on the consumption of plain water in our study to state what percentage is accounted for by plain water.…”