Total Synthesis of Floyocidin B: 4,5-Regioselective Functionalization of 2-Chloropyridines

Abstract

The recently discovered natural product (NP) (+)-floyocidin B with antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis displays a hitherto unknown dihydroisoquinolinone scaffold in the class of the epoxyquinone NPs. The 4,5-regioselective functionalization of 2-chloropyridines was identified as a suitable strategy leading to the total syntheses of (+)-floyocidin B and analogs. In this paper, we present the long and winding evolution process to the final synthetic pathway, including model systems for route scouting and elucidation of side products, which enabled us to understand the unique reactivity of this unprecedented scaffold. A special focus was laid on method studies with different 2-chloropyridines, disclosing an unexpected effect of the 2-chloro substituent on the regioselectivity compared to 2-unsubstituted or carbon-substituted pyridines. Finally, a head-to-head comparison with the previously described synthesis of all four stereoisomers of the NP (−)-avicennone C revealed significant differences in the reactivity of these structurally closely related scaffolds.