Total Oxidant and Antioxidant Capacity of Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Saliva in Patients with Periodontitis: Review and Clinical Study

Abstract

Periodontitis is inextricably linked to oxidative-reductive (redox) imbalance. However, little is still known about the resultant ability to scavenge oxygen free radicals in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid in patients with periodontitis. The multitude of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and their synergistic effects cause an interest in the evaluation of the total antioxidative capacity. Thus, our study aimed to evaluate the total oxidative and antioxidative activity of gingival crevicular fluid and saliva in the periodontitis, as well as to relate these biomarkers to clinical indices of periodontopathy. Additionally, by calculating the oxidative stress index (OSI), the intensity of redox disturbances was also evaluated. Fifty-eight periodontitis patients were included in the study and divided into two subgroups depending on the severity of the disease. In the non-stimulated/stimulated saliva as well as a gingival crevicular fluid of the study group, we found significantly higher OSI and total oxidant status (TOS) as well as lower total antioxidant capacity (TAC). However, the ability to reduce iron ions (FRAP) was significantly lower only in stimulated and non-stimulated saliva of patients with periodontitis. The examined parameters correlated with the periodontium’s clinical condition, which indicates the exacerbation of the inflammatory process. However, TAC, TOS, OSI, and FRAP did not differentiate individual stages of periodontitis.

Salivary Gland Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure Is Aggravated by Nitrosative Stress, as Well as Oxidation and Glycation of Proteins

“…Therefore, in our study, we additionally evaluated the total antioxidant activity of saliva by measuring DPPH and FRAP. These parameters provide information on the resultant capacity of free radical scavenging, considering the interactions between individual antioxidants [ 13 , 61 ]. Salivary DPPH and FRAP were significantly lower in SWS of HF patients compared to the controls, as well as considerably reduced in NWS of HF patients with HS compared to the other groups.…”

Salivary Gland Dysfunction in Stroke Patients Is Associated with Increased Protein Glycoxidation and Nitrosative Stress

“…Instruments, Warsaw, Poland). Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) was added to the acquired supernatants, in the amount of 10 μ L 0.5 M BHT in acetonitrile (ACN)/1 mL of saliva, to protect the samples from oxidation processes [ 37 ]. The saliva samples were frozen at −80°C and stored for no more than three months for subsequent analysis.…”

<p>Pengaruh aplikasi gel teh hijau (Camellia sinensis) terhadap kadar total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) sebagai perawatan tambahan dari skeling dan root planing pada pasien dengan periodontitis kronis</p><p>Effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) gel application on the total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) levels as adjunct to scaling and root planing in patients with chronic periodontitis</p>

“…Cairan sulkus gingiva merupakan parameter yang paling banyak di teliti. [4][5][6] Peradangan pada jaringan periodontal yang disebabkan oleh bakteri pathogen periodontal memicu terjadinya respon inflamasi dan ditandai dengan adanya aktifitas enzim proteolitik yang kemudian akan terbentuk radikal bebas. 7,8 Radikal bebas merupakan atom atau molekul yang memiliki satu atau lebih elektron yang tidak berpasangan dan memiliki sifat sangat reaktif.…”

“…Gel teh hijau yang sudah terdapat dalam syringe menggunakan ultrasonic scaler. 4,5 Tindakan skeling dan root planing dapat dilakukan bersamaan dengan penambahan agen kemoterapeutik sebagai terapi tambahan dengan tujuan mengontrol flora bakteri, mengurangi peradangan, sebagai antioksidan sehingga mempercepat proses penyembuhan dan kondisi jaringan mengalami perbaikan. Salah satu agen kemoterapeutik yang dapat diaplikasikan dan memiliki kandungan antioksidan adalah catechin yang berasal dari teh hijau dapat membantu mengurangi peradangan serta mempercepat proses penyembuhan jaringan.…”

“…Kadar TAOC dalam cairan sulkus gingiva setelah dilakukan perawatan skeling dan root planing pada penderita periodontitis kronis mengalami peningkatan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada jaringan periodontal sehat akibat danya proses penyembuhan jaringan. 4,5,12,29 Gel teh hijau dalam penelitian ini merupakan hasil ekstraksi daun teh hijau dan bukan hasil purifikasi zat aktif antioksidan yaitu catechin, sehingga memungkinkan kadar antioksidan yang terkandung menjadi lebih sedikit akibat tahapan proses pembuatan dari daun teh hijau menjadi gel. Faktor lain yang dapat mempengaruhi kandungan catechin yaitu jenis proses sebelum pengeringan, jenis teh hijau, persiapan infusi, kondisi pertumbuhan (misalnya tanah, iklim, pertanian, fertilisasi), kondisi geografik.…”