Total Number Is Important: Using the Disector Method in Design-Based Stereology to Understand the Structure of the Rodent Brain

Napper, Ruth M. A.

doi:10.3389/fnana.2018.00016

Cited by 24 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 126 publications

(154 reference statements)

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“…LPMCv was divided into a dorsal area 6Va and a ven- Lamina X was divided into a contralateral and ipsilateral half, lamina VIII was not subdivided, and a reticulated marginal border (RMB) was recognized on both sides of the spinal cord. The RMB is an area identified by Rexed (1954) and Kuypers (1981) (Gundersen, 1986;Napper, 2018;West, 2012;West, Slomianka, & Gundersen, 1991). Counting rules were also applied across all case material so that all boutons had equal probabilities of being counted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stereology was applied in every other tissue section through each series of cortical (injection site volume estimation) and spinal cord (terminal bouton number estimation) tissue sections. For terminal bouton estimation, unbiased sampling was applied such that each location along the tissue section axis had an equal probability of being included in the sample and all locations in the plane of section (excluding the set guard zones) had an equal probability of being sampled with the probe (Gundersen, ; Napper, ; West, ; West, Slomianka, & Gundersen, ). Counting rules were also applied across all case material so that all boutons had equal probabilities of being counted.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Terminal organization of the corticospinal projection from the lateral premotor cortex to the cervical enlargement (C5–T1) in rhesus monkey

Morecraft

Stilwell-Morecraft

et al. 2019

J of Comparative Neurology

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High‐resolution tract tracing and stereology were used to study the terminal organization of the corticospinal projection (CSP) from the ventral (v) and dorsal (d) regions of the lateral premotor cortex (LPMC) to spinal levels C5–T1. The LPMCv CSP originated from the postarcuate sulcus region, was bilateral, sparse, and primarily targeted the dorsolateral and ventromedial sectors of contralateral lamina VII. The convexity/lateral part of LPMCv did not project below C2. Thus, very little LPMCv corticospinal output reaches the cervical enlargement. In contrast, the LPMCd CSP was 5× more prominent in terminal density. Bilateral terminal labeling occurred in the medial sectors of lamina VII and adjacent lamina VIII, where propriospinal neurons with long‐range bilateral axon projections reside. Notably, lamina VIII also harbors axial motoneurons. Contralateral labeling occurred in the lateral sectors of lamina VII and the dorsomedial quadrant of lamina IX, noted for harboring proximal upper limb flexor motoneurons. Segmentally, the CSP to contralateral laminae VII and IX preferentially innervated C5–C7, which supplies shoulder, elbow, and wrist musculature. In contrast, terminations in axial‐related lamina VIII were distributed bilaterally throughout all cervical enlargement levels, including C8 and T1. These findings demonstrate the LPMCd CSP is structured to influence axial and proximal upper limb movements, supporting Kuypers conceptual view of the LPMCd CSP being a major component of the medial motor control system. Thus, distal upper extremity control influenced by LPMC, including grasping and manipulation, must occur through indirect neural network connections such as corticocortical, subcortical, or intrinsic spinal circuits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terminal organization of the corticospinal projection from the lateral premotor cortex to the cervical enlargement (C5–T1) in rhesus monkey

Morecraft

Stilwell-Morecraft

et al. 2019

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…Unbiased stereology is a method of estimating properties (number, length, volume, etc.) of three‐dimensional structures from tissue sections without making assumptions about the size, shape, or orientation of the objects of interest (Napper, ; Peterson, ). As previously published (Shepherd et al, ), we performed stereology using a software‐based optical fractionator probe.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unbiased stereology is a method of estimating properties (number, length, volume, etc.) of three-dimensional structures from tissue sections without making assumptions about the size, shape, or orientation of the objects of interest (Napper, 2018;Peterson, 1999).…”

Section: Stereologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Subventricular zone neural precursor cell responses after traumatic brain injury and binge alcohol in male rats

Ton

Tsai

Vaagenes

et al. 2019

J of Neuroscience Research

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability worldwide. Additionally, many TBI patients are intoxicated with alcohol at the time of injury, but the impact of acute intoxication on recovery from brain injury is not well understood. We have previously found that binge alcohol prior to TBI impairs spontaneous functional sensorimotor recovery. However, whether alcohol administration in this setting affects reactive neurogenesis after TBI is not known. This study therefore sought to determine the short and long term effects of pre-TBI binge alcohol on neural precursor cell responses in the subventricular zone (SVZ) following brain injury in male rats. We found that TBI alone significantly increased proliferation in the SVZ as early as 24 hours after injury. Surprisingly, binge alcohol alone also significantly increased proliferation in the SVZ after 24 hours. However, a combined binge alcohol and TBI regimen resulted in decreased TBI-induced proliferation in the SVZ at 24 hours and 1 week post-TBI. Furthermore, at 6 weeks after TBI, binge alcohol administered at the time of TBI significantly decreased the TBI-induced neuroblast response in the SVZ and the rostral migratory stream (RMS). The results from this study suggest that pre-TBI binge alcohol negatively impacts reparative processes in the brain by decreasing short-term neural precursor cell proliferative responses as well as long-term neuroblasts in the SVZ and RMS.

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“…The design-based stereological approach that was used in this study to estimate total number of biological particles (terminal axon boutons) included the application of the 3-D optical fractionator probe applied within a known volume of a defined region of interest (ROI; each nuclei). In short, unbiased sampling was applied such that each location along the tissue section axis had an equal probability of being included in the sample and all locations in the plane of section (excluding the set guard zones) had an equal probability of being sampled with the probe (e.g., Gundersen, 1986 ; West et al, 1991 ; for review, see Napper, 2018 ). Counting rules were also applied across all case material so that all boutons had equal probabilities of being counted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Corticopontine Connections in the Primate Brain: Contralateral Projections From the Arm/Hand Area of the Precentral Motor Region

Morecraft

Stilwell-Morecraft

et al. 2018

Front. Neuroanat.

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The ipsilateral corticopontine projection (iCPP) represents a massive descending axon system terminating in the pontine nuclei (PN). In the primate, this projection is well known for its dominant influence on contralateral upper limb movements through the classical cerebrocerebellar circuity system. Although a much weaker contralateral corticopontine projection (cCPP) from motor cortex to the paramedian region has been reported in the non-human primate brain, we provide the first comprehensive description of the cCPP from the lateral motor cortex using high resolution anterograde tract tracing in Macaca mulatta. We found a relatively light cCPP from the hand/arm area of the primary motor cortex (M1), comparatively moderate cCPP from ventrolateral premotor cortex (LPMCv) and a more robust and widespread cCPP from the dorsolateral premotor cortex (LPMCd) that involved all nine contralateral PN. The M1 projection primarily targeted the dorsal pontine region, the LPMCv projection targeted the medial pontine region and LPMCd targeted both regions. These results show the first stage of the primate frontomotor cerebrocerebellar projection is bilateral, and may affect both ipsilateral and contralateral limbs. Clinically, the cCPP originating in the non-injured hemisphere may influence the recovery process of the more affected upper extremity following subtotal unilateral damage to the lateral cortical region. The cCPP may also contribute to the mild impairment of the upper limb contralateral to a unilateral cerebellar injury.

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Total Number Is Important: Using the Disector Method in Design-Based Stereology to Understand the Structure of the Rodent Brain

Cited by 24 publications

References 126 publications

Terminal organization of the corticospinal projection from the lateral premotor cortex to the cervical enlargement (C5–T1) in rhesus monkey

Terminal organization of the corticospinal projection from the lateral premotor cortex to the cervical enlargement (C5–T1) in rhesus monkey

Subventricular zone neural precursor cell responses after traumatic brain injury and binge alcohol in male rats

New Corticopontine Connections in the Primate Brain: Contralateral Projections From the Arm/Hand Area of the Precentral Motor Region

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