Total Lightning Flash Activity Response to Aerosol over China Area

Zhao, Pengguo; Zhou, Yunjun; Xiao, Hui; Liu, Jia; Gao, Jian; Ge, Fei

doi:10.3390/atmos8020026

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…The operation and maintenance of existing high-speed railways and the development of future high-speed railways must face these complex environmental elements. China has a vast territory and different environments in different regions, such as high altitude and strong sandstorms in the west, rain and lightning in the south, typhoons in the southeast, and severe cold in the northeast [18][19][20][21], as shown in Fig. 3.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pantograph–catenary electrical contact system of high-speed railways: recent progress, challenges, and outlooks

Dong

et al. 2022

Rail. Eng. Science

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As the unique power entrance, the pantograph–catenary electrical contact system maintains the efficiency and reliability of power transmission for the high-speed train. Along with the fast development of high-speed railways all over the world, some commercialized lines are built for covering the remote places under harsh environment, especially in China; these environmental elements including wind, sand, rain, thunder, ice and snow need to be considered during the design of the pantograph–catenary system. The pantograph–catenary system includes the pantograph, the contact wire and the interface—pantograph slide. As the key component, this pantograph slide plays a critical role in reliable power transmission under dynamic condition. The fundamental material characteristics of the pantograph slide and contact wire such as electrical conductivity, impact resistance, wear resistance, etc., directly determine the sliding electrical contact performance of the pantograph–catenary system; meanwhile, different detection methods of the pantograph–catenary system are crucial for the reliability of service and maintenance. In addition, the challenges brought from extreme operational conditions are discussed, taking the Sichuan–Tibet Railway currently under construction as a special example with the high-altitude climate. The outlook for developing the ultra-high-speed train equipped with the novel pantograph–catenary system which can address the harsher operational environment is also involved. This paper has provided a comprehensive review of the high-speed railway pantograph–catenary systems, including its progress, challenges, outlooks in the history and future.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pantograph–catenary electrical contact system of high-speed railways: recent progress, challenges, and outlooks

Dong

et al. 2022

Rail. Eng. Science

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“…Lightning and its intensity are governed by the form of moist convection, which is controlled by dynamics/thermodynamics, including the roles of aerosols [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Several studies were conducted to understand the impact of aerosols on lightning [10][11][12][13][14][15]. The reduced droplet size in the presence of a high aerosol concentration [16][17][18][19] suppresses the collision and coalescence processes of droplets into raindrops, which eventually inhibits the warm rain process [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Lightning and Aerosol Optical Depth over the Uttarakhand Region in India: Thermodynamic Perspective

et al. 2022

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The current study is mainly focused on the monthly variation in the lightning flash rate (LFR) and related thermodynamic parameters using the data for the years 2000–2013, and the trend of lightning variation is explored. Lightning data are used from a lightning imaging sensor (LIS) and an optical transient detector (OTP) boarded on the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM). Additionally, aerosol optical depth (AOD) data at 550 nm for the same period were considered from a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The assessment of lightning and AOD using monthly data makes it difficult to study seasonal contributions, and higher-resolution (hourly) data may be more appropriate, but unfortunately, no data were available with a higher resolution than monthly. The dependency of LFR is also investigated using thermodynamic/dynamic parameters. The LFR shows a moderate correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.56, 0.62, and 0.63for AOD, CAPE, and vertical velocity, respectively. The increasing AOD in the pre-monsoon season is associated with higher lightning flash rates over this region. The possible sources of aerosols that cause an increase in lightning activities are identified from the classification of aerosols based on the characteristic values of the AOD and the Ångström exponent. The thermodynamic relation of the Product of Bowen ratio with the sum of the precipitation rate and evaporation rate has been used as a proxy to evaluate the lightning flash rate density over Srinagar, Uttarakhand region (78.55 E–79.05 E, 29.97 N–30.47 N), with nine models from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project-Phase 5 (CMIP5). The model-simulated LFR has also been used for the projection of lightning in the late 21st century, and the projected LFR over the study area shows a 7.41% increase during the (2079–2088) period as compared to the historic period (1996–2005). The results of the study region indicate caution in using any single climate variable as a proxy for projecting a change in the lightning–climate relationships in the scenario of global warming.

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“…When verifying the effect of aerosols on electrical activity over China, Zhao et al [47] concluded that an increase in aerosol loading delayed the formation of warm cloud rain and increased convection intensity due to the cloud droplet size, where many smaller droplets were transported to the freezing region by currents within the cloud, forming more ice particles and more hail. The particles participated in the electrification process, resulting in storms with intense electrical activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clouds’ Microphysical Properties and Their Relationship with Lightning Activity in Northeast Brazil

et al. 2021

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The Northeast region of Brazil (NEB) has a high rate of deaths from lightning strikes (18% of the country’s total). The region has states, such as Piauí, with high mortality rates (1.8 deaths per million), much higher than the national rate (0.8) and the NEB rate (0.5). In this sense, the present work analyzes the microphysical characteristics of clouds with and without the occurrence of total lightning. For this purpose, data from the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS), TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) and Precipitation Radar (PR), aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite from 1998 to 2013 were used. The TRMM data were analyzed to establish a relationship between the occurrence of lightning and the clouds’ microphysical characteristics, comparing them as a function of lightning occurrence classes, spatial location and atmospheric profiles. A higher lightning occurrence is associated with higher values of ice water path (>38.9 kg m−2), rain water path (>2 kg m−2), convective precipitation (>5 mm h−1) and surface precipitation (>7 mm h−1), in addition to slightly higher freezing level height values. Reflectivity observations (>36 dBZ) demonstrated typical convective profile curves, with higher values associated with classes with higher lightning densities (class with more than 6.8 flash km−2 year−1).

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Total Lightning Flash Activity Response to Aerosol over China Area

Cited by 9 publications

References 54 publications

Pantograph–catenary electrical contact system of high-speed railways: recent progress, challenges, and outlooks

Pantograph–catenary electrical contact system of high-speed railways: recent progress, challenges, and outlooks

Relationship between Lightning and Aerosol Optical Depth over the Uttarakhand Region in India: Thermodynamic Perspective

Clouds’ Microphysical Properties and Their Relationship with Lightning Activity in Northeast Brazil

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