Total Fume and Metal Concentrations during Welding in Selected Factories in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Balkhyour, Mansour A.; Goknil, Mohammad Khalid

doi:10.3390/ijerph7072978

Cited by 49 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…The maximum TMC of 2700 μg/m 3 is comparable to eight-hour average concentrations measured in actual factories (3000 to 11300 μg/m 3 , Balkhyour and Goknil, 2010). However, in toxicology studies, the required test concentration is often higher than 2700 μg/m 3 .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

Physicochemical Characterization of Simulated Welding Fumes from a Spark Discharge System

Park

Mudunkotuwa

Kim

et al. 2014

Aerosol Science and Technology

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This study introduces spark discharge system (SDS) as a way to simulate welding fumes. The SDS was developed using welding rods as electrodes with an optional coagulation chamber. The size, morphology, composition, and concentration of the fume produced and the concentration of ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) were characterized. The number median diameter (NMD) and total number concentration (TNC) of fresh fume particles were ranged 10–23 nm and 3.1×107–6×107 particles/cm3, respectively. For fresh fume particles, the total mass concentration (TMC) measured gravimetrically ranged 85–760 μg/m3. The size distribution was stable over a period of 12 h. The NMD and TNC of aged fume particles were ranged 81–154 nm and 1.5×106–2.7×106 particles/cm3, respectively. The composition of the aged fume particles was dominated by Fe and O with an estimated stoichiometry between that of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. Concentrations of O3 and NOX were ranged 0.07–2.2 ppm and 1–20 ppm, respectively. These results indicate that the SDS is capable of producing stable fumes over a long-period that are similar to actual welding fumes. This system may be useful in toxicological studies and evaluation of instrumentation.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

Physicochemical Characterization of Simulated Welding Fumes from a Spark Discharge System

Park

Mudunkotuwa

Kim

et al. 2014

Aerosol Science and Technology

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“…While the percentages of Fe and Mn are high in welding fumes, there are also other metals present such as aluminum (Al), copper and molybdenum (Li et al, 2004; Balkhyour and Goknil, 2010), depending on the components of the metal being welded, coatings, types of electrodes, etc. In our air sampling, the top 4 metals in welding fumes are Fe (45.5%), calcium (Ca, 34.3%), Al (6.7%), and Mn (5.6%), whereas those in smelting fumes are Ca (39.6%), Mn (25.5%), Fe (10.9%), and zinc (9.6%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vulnerability of welders to manganese exposure – A neuroimaging study

Long

Jiang

et al. 2014

NeuroToxicology

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Increased manganese (Mn) exposure is known to cause cognitive, psychiatric and motor deficits. Mn exposure occurs in different occupational settings, where the airborne Mn level and the size of respirable particulates may vary considerably. Recently the importance of the role of the cerebral cortex in Mn toxicity has been highlighted, especially in Mn-induced neuropsychological effects. In this study we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate brain Mn accumulation using T1 signal intensity indices and to examine changes in brain iron content using T2* contrast, as well as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to measure exposure-induced metabolite changes non-invasively in cortical and deep brain regions in Mn-exposed welders, Mn-exposed smelter workers and control factory workers with no measurable exposure to Mn. MRS data as well as T1 signal intensity indices and T2* values were acquired from the frontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus. Smelters were exposed to higher air Mn levels and had a longer duration of exposure, which was reflected in higher Mn levels in erythrocytes and urine than in welders. Nonetheless, welders had more significant metabolic differences compared to controls than did the smelter workers, especially in the frontal cortex. T1 hyperintensities in the globus pallidus were observed in both Mn-exposed groups, but only welders showed significantly higher thalamic and hippocampal T1 hyperintensities, as well as significantly reduced T2* values in the frontal cortex. Our results indicate that (1) the cerebral cortex, in particular the frontal cortex, is clearly involved in Mn neurotoxic effects and (2) in spite of the lower air Mn levels and shorter duration of exposure, welders exhibit more extensive neuroimaging changes compared to controls than smelters, including measurable deposition of Mn in more brain areas. These results indicate that the type of exposure (particulate sizes, dust versus fume) and route of exposure play an important role in the extent of Mn-induced toxic effects on the brain.

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“…The most important routes of exposure to CuO-NPs are inhalation, ingestion or skin contact [7]. The risk of occupational exposure to substantial amounts of coppercontaining NPs is high for welders [8] and for workers operating universal electric motors [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Stimulate Glycolytic Flux and Increase the Cellular Contents of Glutathione and Metallothioneins in Cultured Astrocytes

Bulcke

Dringen

2014

Neurochem Res

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Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) are frequently used for industrial or medical applications and are known for their high toxic potential. As little is known so far on the consequences of an exposure of brain cells to such particles, we applied CuO-NPs to cultured primary rat astrocytes and investigated whether such particles affect cell viability and alter their metabolic properties. Astrocytes efficiently accumulated CuO-NPs in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The cells remained viable during a 24 h incubation with 100 µM copper in the form of CuO-NPs, while higher concentrations of CuO-NPs severely compromised the cell viability. Astrocytes that were exposed for 24 h to 100 µM CuO-NPs showed significantly enhanced extracellular lactate concentrations and increased cellular levels of glutathione and metallothioneins. The CuO-NP-induced increase in lactate release and metallothionein content were prevented by the presence of the membrane-permeable copper chelator tetrathiomolybdate, while this chelator increased already in the absence of CuO-NPs the cellular glutathione content. After removal of the CuO-NPs following a 24 h pre-incubation with 100 µM CuO-NPs, astrocytes maintained during a further 6 h incubation an elevated glycolytic lactate release and exported significantly more glutathione than control cells that had been pre-incubated without CuO-NPs. These data suggest that copper ions which are liberated from internalized CuO-NPs stimulate glycolytic flux as well as the synthesis of glutathione and metallothioneins in cultured viable astrocytes.

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Total Fume and Metal Concentrations during Welding in Selected Factories in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Cited by 49 publications

References 24 publications

Physicochemical Characterization of Simulated Welding Fumes from a Spark Discharge System

Physicochemical Characterization of Simulated Welding Fumes from a Spark Discharge System

Vulnerability of welders to manganese exposure – A neuroimaging study

Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Stimulate Glycolytic Flux and Increase the Cellular Contents of Glutathione and Metallothioneins in Cultured Astrocytes

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