“…If unsuccessful, however, ocean disposal may devalue ecosystem goods and services (EG&S) (e.g., Ehrlich and Ehrlich, 1981;Peterson et al, 2010;Van Beukering and Slootweg, 2010), given that certain species' functions, as well as community and ecosystem processes and function may negatively respond to potential CO 2 leakage. For instance, coral reef ecosystems impacted by reduced pH levels are highly likely to have reduced reef-associated EG&S, through the destruction of reef-associated tourism, fisheries, surplus values on real estate, recreational and cultural values, research and education values, and physical coastal protection (Sarkis et al, 2013). CO 2 leakage may reduce biodiversity and disrupt key ecological functions in deep-sea environments (e.g., regeneration of nutrients), thereby resulting in decreased EG&S, as seen during anthropogenic impacts stemming from oil and gas exploitation, cable laying, pipeline construction, underwater noise, waste dumping, and drill cuttings (Ramirez-Llodera et al, 2011;Armstrong et al, 2012).…”