Total charge-changing and partial cross-section measurements in the reactions of∼110–250 MeV/nuc

Abstract

Total charge-changing cross sections and cross sections for the production of B and Be fragments were directly measured for reactions induced by ϳ110-250 MeV/nucleon 12 C ions in C, CH 2 , and H 2 O targets. Etched track detector ͑CR-3͒ was used, together with an automatic track measuring system and a track matching algorithm, to count and to identify the primary and secondary particles. A comparison of the present data and of previously measured cross sections with model predictions is carried out. For the total chargechanging cross section, a model developed at NASA gives the best agreement with the present results ͑about 3% on the average͒. However, for the production of fragments, the results of models deviate on average for all systems studied by 9-58 % from the data presented in this work for Zϭ5 and by 5-47 % for Zϭ4. The model known as NUCFRG2 is the most reliable in giving the closest values for fragmentation cross sections, 9 and 5% for B and Be fragments, respectively, for the systems studied in this work.

Optimizing SHIELD-HIT for carbon ion treatment

“…In this work, the model was calibrated to experimental partial charge-changing cross sections from a 12 C-beam on water (Toshito et al 2007, Golovchenko et al 2002. The partial charge-changing cross section is the cross section for a process, in which a fragment is produced with a specific charge.…”

Projectile fragment emission angles in fragmentation reactions of light heavy ions in the energy region <200 MeV/nucleon: Experimental study

“…The total reaction, charge changing and isotope production cross sections have been measured and published for these projectiles at energies below 1 GeV/nucleon; see e.g., refs. (Awes et al, 1982;Chen et al, 1994;Ferrando et al, 1988;Jaros et al, 1978;Kox et al, 1987;Kidd et al, 1988;Knott et al, 1996;Schall et al, 1996;Silk et al, 1988;Webber et al, 1990aWebber et al, , 1990bWebber et al, , 1990cWebber et al, , 1998aWebber et al, , 1998bHirzebruch et al, 1992;Golovchenko et al, 1999Golovchenko et al, , 2002Zeitlin et al, 2001;Zhang et al, 2002;Cecchini et al, 2008;Coppola et al, 2009). On the other hand, we still have little knowledge about the fragment emission angle of these reactions.…”

HZE ion fragmentation cross-section sensitivity and propagated errors in HZE exposure estimates

“…(1) is determined by the well known stopping powers and total cross-sections. One should note that this would technically violate the conservation Golovchenko et al, 2002;Walker et al, 2005). This paper evaluates the gradient of dose equivalent with respect to the fragmentation cross-section parameter space at the location of nominal cross-section values so that the effects of off-nominal values can be further investigated.…”

“…The solution of the Boltzmann equation depends on stopping power S j (E), nuclear total cross-sections j (E), and nuclear fragmentation cross-sections jk (E, E ). The stopping powers and nuclear total cross-sections are known to a high degree of accuracy (few percent, Tai et al, 1997;Wilson et al, 1998;Walker et al, 2005) but fragmentation cross-sections are more dependent on details of the nuclear process, are less investigated experimentally, and exhibit more uncertainty when tested experimentally (Wilson et al, 1995b(Wilson et al, , 1998Walker et al, 2005;Golovchenko et al, 2002). In the present paper, we investigate the sensitivity of the dose equivalent calculations due to fragmentation cross-section uncertainty using sensitivity analysis.…”