Total Body Water in Normal Pregnancy*

Hytten, F. E.; Thomson, A. M.; Taggart, Nan

doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1966.tb15533.x

Cited by 93 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…We hypothesize that in late ges tation, circulating triglycerides, both alimen tary and endogenous, are diverted from adi pose tissue and are taken up by muscle and possibly other maternal tissues, such as the uterus, in keeping with the cessation and even decline in fat stores in late gestation seen in both ral ( fig. 8) [26,27] and human pregnan cies [28]. While direct measures of muscle fat oxidation in late gestation are still needed, all of the observations are compatible with a diminished glucose utilization by the mother [1], allowing maximal glucose provision to the fetus with substitution of maternal fat as an oxidative fuel in late gestation as com pared with early gestation.…”

Section: Physiological Mechanisms Of Increased Lipoprotein Concentratmentioning

confidence: 70%

Lipoprotein Metabolism in Pregnancy, Fat Transport to the Fetus, and the Effects of Diabetes

et al. 1986

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The objective of this paper is to review the extent and mechanisms of lipoprotein alterations in pregnancy, present new data relating to placental lipid transport in. normal humans and diabetic animals and consider possible effects on fetal growth and development in normal and diabetic pregnancy. The concentration of all lipoprotein fractions increases during pregnancy. VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride increase 2.5-fold over prepregnancy levels and LDL cholesterol increases 1.6-fold, all with peak levels at term. HDL cholesterol is maximally increased in midgestation by 1.45-fold and subsequently declines to 1.15-fold at term. The mechanisms of these lipoprotein changes have not been studied in humans but the hypertriglyceridemia in animal models is related to enhanced VLDL entry into the circulation. In addition, diminished adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in late gestation may cause a rerouting of triglyceride fatty acids to other tissues such as muscle and uterus for oxidation, rather than storage, since triglyceride transport is not reduced in pregnancy. All of these changes appear to be sex hormone mediated. In diabetic pregnancies, the available data indicate that triglyceride concentrations are increased and HDL cholesterol concentrations are decreased with reference to lipoproteins in nondiabetic pregnant women. Previously unpublished data show that a transplacental FFA gradient exists across the umbilical circulation in the direction of the fetus and is proportional to the maternal FFA concentration. No gradient is seen for triglyceride or total plasma cholesterol. However, transport of unmeasured amounts of triglyceride fatty acids may still occur via placental LPL and be exaggerated in diabetes where LPL declines in adipose tissue but not in placenta. The mechanism of transplacental cholesterol transport remains to be defined. Preliminary studies suggest that it depends on HDL as well as LDL since both can provide cholesterol for placental progesterone synthesis. In addition, fetal weight and length are associated with maternal apoproteins A-I and A-II, both major apoproteins of HDL. By lowering HDL in pregnancy, diabetes mellitus could negatively affect these relationships. In conclusion, sex hormone mediated modifications of lipoprotein physiology are described in pregnancy which may enhance triglyceride fatty acid transport to muscle for oxidation and LDL and HDL cholesterol delivery to growing maternal and fetal tissues, a process that diabetes could globally disrupt.

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Section: Physiological Mechanisms Of Increased Lipoprotein Concentratmentioning

confidence: 70%

Lipoprotein Metabolism in Pregnancy, Fat Transport to the Fetus, and the Effects of Diabetes

et al. 1986

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“…First, average weight gain during pregnancy is about 13.5 kg for women with normal body mass index (BMI) [7]. The majority of weight gain during pregnancy is water (approximately 62%), as well as extracellular fluid and blood volumes [8,9]. Changes in extracellular fluid and plasma volumes can result in changes in the volume of drug distribution [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Pregnancy After Kidney Transplantation: Outcomes, Tacrolimus Doses, and Trough Levels

Aktürk

Çelebi

Erdogmus

et al. 2015

Transplantation Proceedings

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“…Maternal body fat accumulation is one of the most striking features of gestation in both women [1,2] and experimental animals [3][4][5][6], In pregnant women, body fat accumu lation reaches a maximum at mid-gestation and then does not increase any further or declines slightly [1,2], whereas in the preg nant rat, as we have previously shown, ma-temal fat accumulation lasts at least as long as day 19 of gestation and declines on day 21 [4,6], In the pregnant rat model this biphasic pattern is associated with an early increase in de novo fatty-acid synthesis and height ened glucose incorporation into glyceride glycerol, indicating increased fatty-acid reesterification [7][8][9] followed by a reduction in these parameters [7,9] and an increase in adipose-tissue lipolysis [10,11] resulting in net increase in fat depot breakdown. These changes have an important role in the meta bolic adaptations of pregnancy for the mother as well as for the fetus [12], but on what day of gestation they occur and which tissues are involved is not yet well estab lished.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carcass and Tissue Fat Content in the Pregnant Rat

López-Luna¹,

Maier²,

Herrera

1991

Neonatology

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The present study in rats was aimed at determining the specific day of pregnancy on which maternal body fat accumulation starts and which tissues are involved. Most of the body weight increase at day 12 of gestation corresponded to conceptus-free maternal weight which progressively increased until the 19th day of gestation after which maternal weight stabilized and the rate of conceptus weight gain became maximal. Maternal carcass fat content progressively increased until day 18 of gestation, increased very markedly on day 19, stabilized between day 19 and 20 and then decreased on day 21. These changes were the opposite of the course of the specific-gravity values. The fresh weight of lumbar fat-pads and mesenteric adipose tissue reflected the changes in carcass fat content throughout gestation. Periuterine adipose-tissue mass declined on day 12 of gestation to be recuperated later, subcutaneous adipose tissue increased on day 12 to decline progressively thereafter and interscapular brown adipose tissue remained stable until day 20 and increased on day 21. With only a few exceptions, the lipid concentration in all these adipose tissues remained stable throughout gestation. Mammary glands and liver weights increased intensely from day 12 and, whereas the lipid concentration in the former was stable, in the latter it decreased on day 12 and increased on days 18 and 19. These results show that in the rat (a) maternal carcass fat accumulation during gestation is not paralleled by the size of the different fat-storing tissues and (b) mammary-gland fat accumulation also contributes to maternal fat storage.

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Total Body Water in Normal Pregnancy*

Cited by 93 publications

References 11 publications

Lipoprotein Metabolism in Pregnancy, Fat Transport to the Fetus, and the Effects of Diabetes

Lipoprotein Metabolism in Pregnancy, Fat Transport to the Fetus, and the Effects of Diabetes

Pregnancy After Kidney Transplantation: Outcomes, Tacrolimus Doses, and Trough Levels

Carcass and Tissue Fat Content in the Pregnant Rat

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