Total and Ionic Fluoride in Milk

Duff, Edward J.

doi:10.1159/000260545

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 2 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…In adults, the present study population, a tolerable upper intake level of 10 mg fluoride per day was recommended by the US Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 1997, 21 thereby allowing additional room for investigation. Powdered milk was chosen for several reasons: it has a considerably longer shelf life than liquid milk, fluoride is more stable in powdered than in liquid milk (table 2), 22 and it has been utilized in a milk fluoridation program in Chile. 23 The present study has shown that the anti-cariogenic effect of fluoride in milk follows a doseresponse pattern ( fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An in situ caries study on the interplay between fluoride dose and concentration in milk

Lippert

Martínez-Mier

Zero

2014

Journal of Dentistry

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Objectives: This randomized, cross-over in situ study investigated the impact of sodium fluoride dose and concentration in milk on caries lesion rehardening, fluoridation and acid resistance.Methods: Twenty-eight subjects wore two gauze-covered enamel specimens with preformed lesions placed buccally on their mandibular partial dentures for three weeks. Participants used fluoride-free dentifrice throughout the study and consumed once daily one of the five study treatments: no fluoride in 200ml milk (0F-200), 1.5 or 3mg fluoride in either 100 (1.5F-100; 3F-100) or 200ml milk (1. 5F-200; 3F-200). After three weeks, specimens were retrieved. Knoop hardness was used to determine rehardening and resistance to a secondary acid challenge.Enamel fluoride uptake (EFU) was determined using a microbiopsy technique. were also more discerning than rehardening data. Conclusions:The present study has provided further evidence for the anti-caries benefits of fluoridated milk. Both fluoride dose and concentration appear to impact the cariostatic properties of fluoride in milk. IntroductionThe delivery of cariostatic amounts of fluoride through milk is not novel by any means as the first caries studies in children were conducted in the 1960s. Milk fluoridation has been recommended where fluoride concentration in the drinking water is suboptimal, for target groups with high caries prevalence and poor compliance for oral hygiene, in areas without or suboptimal water fluoridation and where school-or kindergarten-based programs to provide milk to children are already in place. 3,4Recent research has focused on determining if fluoride in milk follows a dose-response pattern and if an optimum fluoride concentration exists. However, results of laboratory [5][6][7] and in situ studies 8,9 into the anti-caries effects of different milk fluoride concentrations have been somewhat equivocal -benefits of fluoridated vs. non-fluoridated milk have been reported unanimously in vitro and in situ; although a clear fluoride dose-response relationship has yet to be established in situ. Likewise, there appears to be some disagreement with regards to an optimum fluoride concentration in milk as results obtained using a range of laboratory models led authors to different conclusions. 5-7Furthermore, the cariostatic properties of fluoride do not only depend on dose but also on concentration. 10While drawing parallels to conventional fluoride delivery vehicles, such as dentifrices and rinses, is not straightforward, especially considering their much higher fluoride concentrations in comparison to milk, a study on rinses demonstrated that, for a given fluoride dose, the main driving force for efficacy was fluoride concentration; i.e. rinsing with a smaller volume but higher fluoride concentration was more beneficial than rinsing with a larger volume but lower fluoride concentration.Therefore, the aims of the present in situ study were three-fold: a) the primary objective was to determine if a higher dose of fluoride in milk would provide a greater...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An in situ caries study on the interplay between fluoride dose and concentration in milk

Lippert

Martínez-Mier

Zero

2014

Journal of Dentistry

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“…Milk is by no means the ideal delivery vehicle for fluoride: its calcium content can lead to decreases in F bio availability over time, 17 and as milk is intended to be consumed primarily by children, the risk of fluorosis and fluoride toxicity must be considered. The American Academy of Pediatrics proposed a daily fluoride dose of between 0.05 and 0.07 mg F/kg bodyweight/day, 18 which is generally accepted as 'a useful upper limit for fluoride intake by children'.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of fluoride concentration and temperature of milk on caries lesion rehardening

Lippert¹,

Martínez-Mier²,

Soto-Rojas³

2012

Journal of Dentistry

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“…In drinking water fluorine is present in a free ionic form (fluoride) which can easily be determined with a fluoride electrode. However, in foods fluorine could also be present in the bound form [Venkateswarlu, 1974[Venkateswarlu, , 1990Duff, 1981;Taves, 1983;Hinoide et al, 1992]. It was reported that fluorine may exist in many different forms [Venkateswarlu, 1990].…”

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confidence: 99%

A New Microwave Acid Digestion Bomb Method for the Determination of Total Fluorine

Grobler

Louw

1998

Caries Res

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A new microwave acid digestion method for total fluorine analysis was compared to the reliable reverse-extraction technique. The commercially available Parr bombs which are compatible with microwave heating were modified for this purpose. The Mann-Whitney statistical test did not show any significant differences (p > 0.05) in the determinations of total fluorine in various samples between the two above-mentioned methods. The microwave method also gave high fluorine recoveries (> 97%) when fluoride was added to different samples. The great advantage of the microwave acid digestion bomb method is that the digestion under pressure is so aggressive that only a few minutes is needed for complete digestion (also of covalently bonded fluorine), which reduces the time for fluorine analysis dramatically, while no loss of fluorine or contamination from extraneous sources could take place during the ashing procedure. The digestion solution was made up of 300 μl of concentrated nitric acid plus 537 μl of water. After digestion 675 μl of ∼ 8.5 M sodium hydroxide plus 643 μl of citrate/TISAB buffer was added resulting in an alkaline solution (pH ∼ 12) which was finally adjusted to a pH of ∼ 5.3 for fluoride determination.

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Total and Ionic Fluoride in Milk

Cited by 23 publications

References 2 publications

An in situ caries study on the interplay between fluoride dose and concentration in milk

An in situ caries study on the interplay between fluoride dose and concentration in milk

Effects of fluoride concentration and temperature of milk on caries lesion rehardening

A New Microwave Acid Digestion Bomb Method for the Determination of Total Fluorine

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