Total and Free Blood and Plasma Concentration Changes in Pregnancy for Medicines Highly Bound to Plasma Proteins: Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling to Understand the Impact on Efficacy

Abstract

Free drug concentrations are generally considered the pharmacologically active moiety and are important for cellular diffusion and distribution. Pregnancy-related changes in plasma protein binding and blood partitioning are due to decreases in plasma albumin, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and haematocrit; this may lead to increased free concentrations, tissue distribution, and clearance during pregnancy. In this paper we highlight the importance and challenges of considering changes in total and free concentrations during pregnancy. For medicines highly bound to plasma proteins, such as tacrolimus, efavirenz, clindamycin, phenytoin, and carbamazepine, differential changes in concentrations of free drug during pregnancy may be clinically significant and have important implications for dose adjustment. Therapeutic drug monitoring usually relies on the measurement of total concentrations; this can result in dose adjustments that are not necessary when changes in free concentrations are considered. We explore the potential of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to support the understanding of the changes in plasma proteins binding, using tacrolimus and efavirenz as example drug models. The exposure to either drug was predicted to be reduced during pregnancy; however, the decrease in the exposure to the total tacrolimus and efavirenz were significantly larger than the reduction in the exposure to the free drug. These data show that PBPK modelling can support the impact of the changes in plasma protein binding and may be used for the simulation of free concentrations in pregnancy to support dosing decisions.

Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling of UGT Substrate Drugs Lamotrigine and Raltegravir during Pregnancy

“…Table 1. Examples of physiological changes during pregnancy [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Briefly, these changes involve all aspects of pharmacokinetics (PKs)-absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME)-and can have a significant impact on the dosing requirements.…”

“…The entire body composition changes during gestation, so does the extent to which a drug is distributed to tissues. Moreover, reduced plasma protein concentration and hematocrit during pregnancy cause a decrease in plasma protein binding and blood partitioning, possibly leading to a higher unbound fraction of the drug and increased tissue distribution and clearance [11].…”