Torque teno sus virus 1 (TTSuV1) and 2 (TTSuV2) viral loads in serum of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)-affected and healthy pigs in Brazil
“…In contrast, other groups found that the prevalence of TTSuV1 infection increases with age [112]; however, TTSuVs infection is likely not associated with PCVAD and PMWS [111,112,117,118]. Therefore, whether TTSuVs are associated with PCV2 infection and PMWS needs further investigation.…”
Section: Co-infection Of Pcv2 With Other Swine Virusesmentioning
confidence: 93%
“…TTSuV can infect both healthy and sick pigs. Although several studies have been performed to determine the importance of the virus in infectious diseases, the association between TTSuV and PMWS has been controversial among the different studies [111,112,113,114]. Wasting pigs have a significantly higher load of TTSuV1 and TTSuV2 [113].…”
Section: Co-infection Of Pcv2 With Other Swine Virusesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Wasting pigs have a significantly higher load of TTSuV1 and TTSuV2 [113]. The percentage of viremic pigs has increased progressively over time, with the highest prevalence in animals approximately 15-week-old [110,112]. The highest TTSuV1 DNA load was found in bone marrow, lung, and liver tissue, while TTSuV2 showed higher loads in bone marrow, mediastinal lymph nodes and liver tissue [115].…”
Section: Co-infection Of Pcv2 With Other Swine Virusesmentioning
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is the etiological agent that causes porcine circovirus diseases and porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVD/PCVAD), which are present in every major swine-producing country in the world. PCV2 infections may downregulate the host immune system and enhance the infection and replication of other pathogens. However, the exact mechanisms of PCVD/PCVAD are currently unknown. To date, many studies have reported that several cofactors, such as other swine viruses or bacteria, vaccination failure, and stress or crowding, in combination with PCV2, lead to PCVD/PCVAD. Among these cofactors, co-infection of PCV2 with other viruses, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine parvovirus, swine influenza virus and classical swine fever virus have been widely studied for decades. In this review, we focus on the current state of knowledge regarding swine co-infection with different PCV2 genotypes or strains, as well as with PCV2 and other swine viruses.
“…In contrast, other groups found that the prevalence of TTSuV1 infection increases with age [112]; however, TTSuVs infection is likely not associated with PCVAD and PMWS [111,112,117,118]. Therefore, whether TTSuVs are associated with PCV2 infection and PMWS needs further investigation.…”
Section: Co-infection Of Pcv2 With Other Swine Virusesmentioning
confidence: 93%
“…TTSuV can infect both healthy and sick pigs. Although several studies have been performed to determine the importance of the virus in infectious diseases, the association between TTSuV and PMWS has been controversial among the different studies [111,112,113,114]. Wasting pigs have a significantly higher load of TTSuV1 and TTSuV2 [113].…”
Section: Co-infection Of Pcv2 With Other Swine Virusesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Wasting pigs have a significantly higher load of TTSuV1 and TTSuV2 [113]. The percentage of viremic pigs has increased progressively over time, with the highest prevalence in animals approximately 15-week-old [110,112]. The highest TTSuV1 DNA load was found in bone marrow, lung, and liver tissue, while TTSuV2 showed higher loads in bone marrow, mediastinal lymph nodes and liver tissue [115].…”
Section: Co-infection Of Pcv2 With Other Swine Virusesmentioning
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is the etiological agent that causes porcine circovirus diseases and porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVD/PCVAD), which are present in every major swine-producing country in the world. PCV2 infections may downregulate the host immune system and enhance the infection and replication of other pathogens. However, the exact mechanisms of PCVD/PCVAD are currently unknown. To date, many studies have reported that several cofactors, such as other swine viruses or bacteria, vaccination failure, and stress or crowding, in combination with PCV2, lead to PCVD/PCVAD. Among these cofactors, co-infection of PCV2 with other viruses, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine parvovirus, swine influenza virus and classical swine fever virus have been widely studied for decades. In this review, we focus on the current state of knowledge regarding swine co-infection with different PCV2 genotypes or strains, as well as with PCV2 and other swine viruses.
“…Although many studies have attempted to link TTSuVs to disease in swine, their role in pathological conditions, if any, is still under debate, as TTSuVs have been detected circulating in healthy and diseased pigs at high viral loads [25][26][27]. Regarding reproductive failure, fetuses infected with TTSuV have been already identified; however, no associations between TTSuV and the occurrence of abortion or other reproductive problems have, to date, been proven [28].…”
A study was conducted to investigate the serum virome of sows with and without stillbirths after farrowing. Sera from sows with at least one stillbirth or with normal litters were collected immediately after farrowing. Viral DNA was extracted from serum pools and submitted to high throughput sequencing. No differences in the proportion of virus-related reads were found in both groups (p > 0.05). A variety of viral DNA genomes were identified, mostly representative of three viral families: Anelloviridae, Circoviridae and Smacoviridae. Besides, a number of novel unclassified circular Rep-encoding single stranded DNA (CRESS DNA) viruses were also identified. These findings suggest that the presence of such viral genomes in sows' sera bears no correlation with stillbirths' occurrence; it seems likely that these constitute part of the normal serum microbiome of sows at farrowing.
“…In addition, it was noticed that most of the viral reads from pork virome are from TTSuVs, especially from kappatorqueviruses ( Supplementary Table 1 ). Although many studies have attempted to link TTSuVs to disease in swine, their role in pathological conditions, if any, is still unclear, as TTSuVs have been detected in healthy and diseased pigs at high viral genome loads ( Da Silva et al, 2020 ; Ramos et al, 2018 ; Rogers et al, 2017 ; Teixeira et al, 2015 ). Fig.…”
A viral metagenomics study was conducted in beef, pork, and chicken sold in supermarkets from Southern Brazil. From chicken, six distinct gyroviruses (GyV) were detected, including GyV3 and GyV6, which for the first time were detected in samples from avian species, plus a novel smacovirus species and two highly divergent circular Rep-encoding ssDNA (CRESS-DNA) viruses. From pork, genomes of numerous anelloviruses, porcine parvovirus 5 (PPV5) and 6 (PPV6), two new genomoviruses and two new CRESS-DNA viruses were found. Finally, two new CRESS-DNA genomes were recovered from beef. Although none of these viruses have history of transmission to humans, the findings reported here reveal that such agents are inevitably consumed in diets that include these types of meat.
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