Torque Bias Coupling for AWD Applications

Multi-wheel drive vehicle energy/fuel efficiency and traction performance: Objective function analysis

“…In 1982, an analysis implemented by Katsigin et al [25] with the non-linear function (4) and experimental data showed that a 4 · 4 vehicle with synchronous positive engagement of the drive axles, V t1 = V t2 , had higher values of the running gear efficiency under operational values of the drawbar pull. The kinematic discrepancy, V t1 6 ¼ V t2 , enables to increase the efficiency under the over traction loads.…”

“…After substituting the non-linear function between the circumferential force and tire slip from the formula (4) in to the expression (23), one could derive:…”

“…Today, some automotive companies are introducing ''torque-vectoring'' and ''torque management'' devices to control torque delivery to the front and rear axles and left and right wheels [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Wheel torque distributions result in different values of the wheel circumferential forces.…”

Coordinated traction control of on-demand four-wheel-drive vehicles under complex start-up situation

“…Four-wheel-drive (4WD) vehicles have better power performance and stability than two-wheel-drive (2WD) vehicles, 1 thus being popular with consumers. 2 According to the SAE J1952 standard, 4WD vehicles could be divided into three categories by their structure and principle. They are part-time 4WD, full-time 4WD, and on-demand 4WD vehicles.…”