Toronto Workers Respond to Industrial Capitalism, 1867-1892

Kealey, Gregory S.

doi:10.3138/9781442682689

Cited by 47 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…These families lived as close to their kin and their own ethnic groups as possible. Industrialization and urbanization, however, had begun to gain pace (Kealey 1980). Prior to this time only one in five Canadians lived in urban centers, i.e., communities with a population over 1,000.…”

Section: Life In Ontariomentioning

confidence: 98%

The Bourgeois Order and the ‘Normal’ Child: The Case of Ontario, 1867–1900

Barmaki

2007

Int J Ment Health Addiction

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This study reconstructs the image of the 'normal' child in Ontario from 1867 to 1900. During this time period the 'normal' child was modeled after the idealized image of a bourgeois adult. The idealized bourgeois adult was the embodiment of Protestantism, industriousness, decency, and culture. Any deviation from this image usually meant delinquency, or lunacy, or both, on the part of the child and brought about jail-time or committal to asylums. A combination of religious, economic, political, and legal beliefs provided the conditions necessary for the emergence of this image. This reconstruction not only aims to contribute to the social history of 'adolescence' in Canada, but also it seeks to point out the historical variability of conceptions of adolescence normality and abnormality and, thereby, help to broaden the existing views of mental health and disorder.Keywords Normal . Abnormal . Child . Adolescence . Mental health In The Harvard Guide to Psychiatry Nicholi (1999) points out: (1) the criteria of onset and end of adolescence is unsettled, (2) there are as many definitions of adolescence as authors writing about it, (3) the exact nature of adolescence, of what is normal and what is abnormal, is still vague, and (4) our view of adolescent pathology and treatment of it is also unclear. Of the last of these he writes: "If we look carefully at these criteria, we see that adolescence can end at 18 years of age or continue throughout life" (Nicholi 1999, pp. 612-613). He identifies, furthermore, the following as the "adolescent behavior patterns": search for identity, drug use, suicide, sexuality, being fond of cars and motorcycles (Nicholi 1999, pp. 618-623); and as for adolescents ' 'adjustment disorders' he cites: depression, anxiety, truancy, vandalism, reckless driving (Nicholi 1999, pp. 618-623).When it comes to adolescent behavior standard works in psychology, social psychology and sociology do not fare any better. They speak of it in no certain terms as a period of playfulness, sexual surge, laziness and impudence "with brutality lurking just below the surface and ready to break out into violence" (Friedenberg 1972, pp. 31-32); a 'transitional stage' between childhood and adulthood, ridden with conflicts and tensions (Berger 1972);

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Section: Life In Ontariomentioning

confidence: 98%

The Bourgeois Order and the ‘Normal’ Child: The Case of Ontario, 1867–1900

Barmaki

2007

Int J Ment Health Addiction

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“…Discrimination in public sector employment and appointments was also apparent. Jobs apparently under the control of the Orange Order in Toronto included the post office and the customs house at the federal level, and the gasworks, waterworks, police and fire departments at the municipal level (Kealey 1980). Both cities also shared the lack of integrated schools.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Between the lodge and the meeting-house: Mapping Irish Protestant identities and social worlds in late Victorian Toronto

Jenkins

2003

Social & Cultural Geography

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“…Much of the seventies, 1891 to 1896 and 1911 to 1913 were times of dépression while the eighties, 1896 to 1899 and 1905 to 1912, were periods of growth. This era saw an important shift in class structure (Bernier, 1975;Kealey, 1980). An industrial labour force arose while artisanal occupations declined.…”

Section: Montreal and Toronto 1870 To 1920 -Economy Class Societymentioning

confidence: 99%

Tax Exemptions in Montreal and Toronto, 1870 to 1920

Levine

2005

cgq

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Fondé sur une perspective matérialiste historique qui vient modérer l'évaluation de l'impact des institutions religieuses sur la formation des classes, cet article analyse, graphiques à l'appui, les débats sur les exonérations fiscales qui eurent cours à Montréal et à Toronto de 1870 à 1920. Les impôts locaux représentent une partie importante des revenus de ces deux grandes villes durant cette période-clé de l'urbanisation du Canada. Ainsi, les débats sur les exonérations fiscales allaient-ils permettre aux autorités locales de découvrir quels modes de perception et de gestion des ressources adopter. Le présent texte veut donc montrer, à partir du contenu de ces débats, les interactions qui existaient entre les classes sociales et les institutions religieuses, et qui constituaient un trait important des géographies politique et culturelle de Montréal et de Toronto.Informed by an historical materialist perspective tempered by an appreciation of the impact of religious institutions on class formations, this paper charts and explains debates over tax exemptions in Montréal and Toronto, from 1870 to 1920. Local taxation was an important part of the revenue source for these two great cities, in this important period in Canadian urbanization. Debates over exemption from taxation constitute an appraisal of the way the local state was to marshall resources. This paper explains these struggles through an understanding of the interplay of class and religion within the political and cultural geographies of Montréal and Toronto

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Toronto Workers Respond to Industrial Capitalism, 1867-1892

Cited by 47 publications

References 0 publications

The Bourgeois Order and the ‘Normal’ Child: The Case of Ontario, 1867–1900

The Bourgeois Order and the ‘Normal’ Child: The Case of Ontario, 1867–1900

Between the lodge and the meeting-house: Mapping Irish Protestant identities and social worlds in late Victorian Toronto

Tax Exemptions in Montreal and Toronto, 1870 to 1920

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