TOR Signaling in Budding Yeast

Inoue, Yoshiharu; Nomura, Wataru

doi:10.5772/intechopen.70784

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…These observations indicate a role of the HOG MAPK pathway in fungal-bacteria interactions. Furthermore, the TOR kinase targeted by rifamycin functions upstream from MAP kinase cascades in S. cerevisiae and filamentous fungi (Loewith and Hall 2011;Inoue and Nomura 2018), suggesting indirect inhibition of fungal MAPKs by antibiotics produced by bacteria.…”

Section: Interactions With Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of biotic interactions and responses to abiotic stresses by MAP kinase pathways in plant pathogenic fungi

et al. 2021

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Like other eukaryotes, fungi use MAP kinase (MAPK) pathways to mediate cellular changes responding to external stimuli. In the past two decades, three well-conserved MAP kinase pathways have been characterized in various plant pathogenic fungi for regulating responses and adaptations to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses encountered during plant infection or survival in nature. The invasive growth (IG) pathway is homologous to the yeast pheromone response and filamentation pathways. In plant pathogens, the IG pathway often is essential for pathogenesis by regulating infection-related morphogenesis, such as appressorium formation, penetration, and invasive growth. The cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway also is important for plant infection although the infection processes it regulates vary among fungal pathogens. Besides its universal function in cell wall integrity, it often plays a minor role in responses to oxidative and cell wall stresses. Both the IG and CWI pathways are involved in regulating known virulence factors as well as effector genes during plant infection and mediating defenses against mycoviruses, bacteria, and other fungi. In contrast, the high osmolarity growth (HOG) pathway is dispensable for virulence in some fungi although it is essential for plant infection in others. It regulates osmoregulation in hyphae and is dispensable for appressorium turgor generation. The HOG pathway also plays a major role for responding to oxidative, heat, and other environmental stresses and is overstimulated by phenylpyrrole fungicides. Moreover, these three MAPK pathways crosstalk and coordinately regulate responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses. The IG and CWI pathways, particularly the latter, also are involved in responding to abiotic stresses to various degrees in different fungal pathogens, and the HOG pathway also plays a role in interactions with other microbes or fungi. Furthermore, some infection processes or stress responses are co-regulated by MAPK pathways with cAMP or Ca2+/CaM signaling. Overall, functions of individual MAP kinase pathways in pathogenesis and stress responses have been well characterized in a number of fungal pathogens, showing the conserved genetic elements with diverged functions, likely by rewiring transcriptional regulatory networks. In the near future, applications of genomics and proteomics approaches will likely lead to better understanding of crosstalk among the MAPKs and with other signaling pathways as well as roles of MAPKs in defense against other microbes (biotic interactions).

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Section: Interactions With Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of biotic interactions and responses to abiotic stresses by MAP kinase pathways in plant pathogenic fungi

et al. 2021

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“…The S. cerevisiae TOR pathway senses nitrogen-availability and is involved in several important cellular activities including ribosome biosynthesis and growth promotion [48,54,180].…”

Section: The Tor Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

D-Xylose Sensing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Insights from D-Glucose Signaling and Native D-Xylose Utilizers

Brink

Borgström

Persson

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Extension of the substrate range is among one of the metabolic engineering goals for microorganisms used in biotechnological processes because it enables the use of a wide range of raw materials as substrates. One of the most prominent examples is the engineering of baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the utilization of d-xylose, a five-carbon sugar found in high abundance in lignocellulosic biomass and a key substrate to achieve good process economy in chemical production from renewable and non-edible plant feedstocks. Despite many excellent engineering strategies that have allowed recombinant S. cerevisiae to ferment d-xylose to ethanol at high yields, the consumption rate of d-xylose is still significantly lower than that of its preferred sugar d-glucose. In mixed d-glucose/d-xylose cultivations, d-xylose is only utilized after d-glucose depletion, which leads to prolonged process times and added costs. Due to this limitation, the response on d-xylose in the native sugar signaling pathways has emerged as a promising next-level engineering target. Here we review the current status of the knowledge of the response of S. cerevisiae signaling pathways to d-xylose. To do this, we first summarize the response of the native sensing and signaling pathways in S. cerevisiae to d-glucose (the preferred sugar of the yeast). Using the d-glucose case as a point of reference, we then proceed to discuss the known signaling response to d-xylose in S. cerevisiae and current attempts of improving the response by signaling engineering using native targets and synthetic (non-native) regulatory circuits.

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“… 46 However, rapamycin acts by binding rapamycin binding protein, Fpr1 in yeast and the Fpr1‐rapamycin complex directly binds to TORC1 to inactivate it, thereby bypassing any SEA complex inhibition. 47 , 48 Surprisingly, Atg13 remained phosphorylated in vps501 Δ sea1 Δ cells, regardless of nitrogen starvation or rapamycin treatment, indicating autophagy induction is defective in these mutants, (Figure 5C,D ). Moreover, this suggests the vacuolar pool of TORC1 is not accessible to the Fpr1‐rapamycin inhibition in vps501 Δ sea1 Δ cells, likely resulting in a broad TORC1 signaling defect independent of autophagy induction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…46 However, rapamycin acts by binding rapamycin binding protein, Fpr1 in yeast and the Fpr1-rapamycin complex directly binds to TORC1 to inactivate it, thereby bypassing any SEA complex inhibition. 47,48 Surprisingly, Atg13 remained phosphorylated in vps501Δsea1Δ cells, regardless of nitrogen starvation or rapamycin treatment, indicating autophagy induction is defective in these mutants, (Figure 5C,D).…”

Section: The Torc1 Complex and Induction Of Autophagy Are Defective I...mentioning

confidence: 97%

Vps501, a novel vacuolar SNX‐BAR protein cooperates with the SEA complex to regulate TORC1 signaling

Goyal

Segarra

Nitika

et al. 2022

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The sorting nexins (SNXs), constitute a diverse family of molecules that play varied roles in membrane trafficking, cell signaling, membrane remodeling, organelle motility and autophagy. In particular, the SNX-Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs (BAR) proteins, a SNX subfamily characterized by a C-terminal dimeric BAR lipid curvature domain and a conserved Phox-homology domain, are of great interest. In budding yeast, many SNX-BAR proteins have well-characterized endo-vacuolar trafficking roles. Phylogenetic analyses allowed us to identify an additional SNX-BAR protein, Vps501, with a novel endovacuolar role. We report that Vps501 uniquely localizes to the vacuolar membrane and has physical and genetic interactions with the SEA complex to regulate TORC1 inactivation. We found cells displayed a severe deficiency in starvation-induced/nonselective autophagy only when SEA complex subunits are ablated in combination with Vps501, indicating a cooperative role with the SEA complex during TORC1 signaling during autophagy induction. Additionally, we found the SEACIT complex becomes destabilized in vps501Δsea1Δ cells, which resulted in aberrant endosomal TORC1 activity and subsequent Atg13 hyperphosphorylation. We have also discovered that the vacuolar localization of Vps501 is dependent upon a direct interaction with Sea1 and a unique lipid binding specificity that is also required for its function.

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TOR Signaling in Budding Yeast

Cited by 7 publications

References 101 publications

Regulation of biotic interactions and responses to abiotic stresses by MAP kinase pathways in plant pathogenic fungi

Regulation of biotic interactions and responses to abiotic stresses by MAP kinase pathways in plant pathogenic fungi

D-Xylose Sensing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Insights from D-Glucose Signaling and Native D-Xylose Utilizers

Vps501, a novel vacuolar SNX‐BAR protein cooperates with the SEA complex to regulate TORC1 signaling

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