“…It follows the same basic principle irrespective of the field of application in that it requires an FE model of the structure, and a fitness or contribution factor (sensitivity index) for each element to decide whether an element should be removed. Due to this universal formulation, variants of the ESO method have been effectively applied to other fields, viz: dynamics and vibration Zhao et al 1996Zhao et al , 1997Yang et al 1999b), buckling (Manickarajah et al 1998(Manickarajah et al , 2000, heat conduction and thermo-elasticity (Li et al 1999a(Li et al , 1999b(Li et al , 2000, and recently in damage tolerance based shape optimisation (Das and Jones 2004a;Das et al 2007). …”