“…Within the last decade, TO method has been significantly improved [3], and its application to solve complex problems has expanded significantly [25]. Various multi-physics problems such as enhancing heat transfer processes [26,27], reducing liquid and solid interactions [28], optimizing the thermoelastic behaviour of structures [29], and improving the geometry of electro-thermal mechanical drives [30,31] are addressed using TO approaches, where given geometries are numerically discretized in 2D or 3D domains and optimized using TO for better performance. Although, the application of TO on such problems with multiple interacting physical properties in 2D or 3D domains leads to a noticeable increase in computational complexity, and hence an increase in the computation time of TO analysis.…”