Topography of ganglion cells and photoreceptors in the sheep retina

Shinozaki, Aya; Hosaka, Yoshinao Z.; Imagawa, Tomohiro; Uehara, Masato

doi:10.1002/cne.22333

Cited by 39 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…We used the information on the goose visual sensitivity to determine the saliency from the visual perspective of conspecifics of different plumage regions that could be used in social communication. (Shinozaki et al, 2010). (B)The spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) has an L-shaped visual streak (whose main axis is horizontal) with a high density of M cones, whereas the S cones are more abundant in the ventral part of the retina (Calderone et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…detecting fine details of an object) (Warrant, 1999). The ratio between photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells, or convergence ratio, has been used as an indirect indicator of spatial summation in the retinal circuitry (Boycott and Wässle, 1999;Querubin et al, 2009), which can vary in different parts of the retina (Shinozaki et al, 2010). The implication is that some regions of the retina have higher visual resolution than others, and the position of these retinal specializations is generally related to habitat complexity and the behavioral ecology of a species (Hughes, 1977;Collin, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oblique color vision in an open-habitat bird: spectral sensitivity, photoreceptor distribution and behavioral implications

Moore

Baumhardt

Doppler

et al. 2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYColor vision is not uniform across the retina because of differences in photoreceptor density and distribution. Retinal areas with a high density of cone photoreceptors may overlap with those with a high density of ganglion cells, increasing hue discrimination. However, there are some exceptions to this cell distribution pattern, particularly in species with horizontal visual streaks (bands of high ganglion cell density across the retina) that live in open habitats. We studied the spectral sensitivity and distribution of cone photoreceptors involved in chromatic and achromatic vision in the Canada goose (Branta canadiensis), which possesses an oblique rather than horizontal visual streak at the ganglion cell layer. Using microspectrophotometry, we found that the Canada goose has a violet-sensitive visual system with four visual pigments with absorbance peaks at 409, 458, 509 and 580nm. The density of most cones involved in chromatic and achromatic vision peaked along a band across the retina that matched the oblique orientation of the visual streak. With the information on visual sensitivity, we calculated chromatic and achromatic contrasts of different goose plumage regions. The regions with the highest visual saliency (cheek, crown, neck and upper tail coverts) were the ones involved in visual displays to maintain flock cohesion. The Canada goose oblique visual streak is the retinal center for chromatic and achromatic vision, allowing individuals to sample the sky and the ground simultaneously or the horizon depending on head position. Overall, our results show that the Canada goose visual system has features that make it rather different from that of other vertebrates living in open habitats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oblique color vision in an open-habitat bird: spectral sensitivity, photoreceptor distribution and behavioral implications

Moore

Baumhardt

Doppler

et al. 2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…This allows sheep to scan the horizon constantly using their monocular vision with no need for head and eye movement. This is advantageous for scanning the flock and for opportune detection of predators (Piggins and Phillips 1996;Shinozaki et al 2010). The retinal topographies and distribution of the tapetum are specialised in the horizontal and dorso-temporal fundus, which suggests that sheep have better visual acuity in the horizontal and antero-inferior fields, and that this specialisation is related to the species' visual ecology.…”

Section: Visual Perception In Ungulatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The retinal topographies and distribution of the tapetum are specialised in the horizontal and dorso-temporal fundus, which suggests that sheep have better visual acuity in the horizontal and antero-inferior fields, and that this specialisation is related to the species' visual ecology. Thus, the retina provides basically good photopic vision as an adaptation to diurnal activity, while the presence of the tapetum and dense rods also provides good mesopic vision (Shinozaki et al 2010). …”

Section: Visual Perception In Ungulatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sheep discriminate objects in the frontal visual field by binocular fixation with the centralis area for optimal visual acuity, and are well-equipped to detect movement in the postero-inferior and posterosuperior visual fields (Shinozaki et al 2010). Like primates, sheep have specialized neural circuits in the temporal cortex that facilitate the recognition of individuals by their faces.…”

Section: Mutual Mother-young Visual Recognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sensory factors involved in mother-young bonding in sheep: a review

Mora-Medina¹,

Orihuela²,

Arch-Tirado³

et al. 2016

Vet. Med. - Czech

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ABSTRACT:The aim of this review is to discuss sensory recognition (olfaction, vision, vocalisation, hearing and direct contact) in relation to the ewe-lamb bond, and the relevance of this information for animal management, considering that sensory recognition between ewes and their offspring is a key element of lamb welfare. In some parental care strategies, parents promote recognition of their own young in order to ensure their survival by providing them -and only them -with food, while the young simultaneously learn features of the environment. In the specific case of sheep, mother-young bonding is established during the sensitive period of the first 4 h after birth. The ewe prints a distinctive signal on her lambs that marks her as the legitimate mother, while stimulating the offspring's learning processes through olfactory, visual and acoustic cues. However, the sensory basis for proximal recognition of lambs changes over time as they learn to recognise the signals emitted by the mother. After 4 h -or less -the ewe becomes maternally selective; this means that she accepts only her own lambs at the udder, while actively rejecting alien newborns. Likewise, newborn lambs develop a preference for their mothers in less than one day. This preference is regulated by the difference between the acceptance behaviour manifested by the lamb's own mother and the aggressive rejecting behaviour shown by alien ewes. This early discriminative ability allows the lamb to avoid the aggressive actions of alien dams and maintain close contact with its own lactating mother. At around one week of age, lambs learn to develop the sensory cues that allow them to recognize their mother. These include olfactory, visual, acoustic and tactile information. Mutual ewe-lamb recognition at an early age also ensures that newborns will be fed and cared for by their own mother, which satisfies some of the requirements for their survival and welfare. For all these reasons, any disruption of ewe-lamb bonding during parturition is detrimental to lamb welfare and survival.

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Scene from above: Retinal ganglion cell topography and spatial resolving power in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)

Coimbra

Hart

Collin

et al. 2013

J of Comparative Neurology

107

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The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is a browser that uses its extensible tongue to selectively collect leaves during foraging. As the tallest extant terrestrial mammal, its elevated head height provides panoramic surveillance of the environment. These aspects of the giraffe's ecology and phenotype suggest that vision is of prime importance. Using Nissl-stained retinal wholemounts and stereological methods, we quantitatively assessed the retinal specializations in the ganglion cell layer of the giraffe. The mean total number of retinal ganglion cells was 1,393,779 and their topographic distribution revealed the presence of a horizontal visual streak and a temporal area. With a mean peak of 14,271 cells/mm(2), upper limits of spatial resolving power in the temporal area ranged from 25 to 27 cycles/degree. We also observed a dorsotemporal extension (anakatabatic area) that tapers toward the nasal retina giving rise to a complete dorsal arch. Using neurofilament-200 immunohistochemistry, we also detected a dorsal arch formed by alpha ganglion cells with density peaks in the temporal (14-15 cells/mm(2)) and dorsonasal (10 cells/mm(2)) regions. As with other artiodactyls, the giraffe shares the presence of a horizontal streak and a temporal area which, respectively, improve resolution along the horizon and in the frontal visual field. The dorsal arch is related to the giraffe's head height and affords enhanced resolution in the inferior visual field. The alpha ganglion cell distribution pattern is unique to the giraffe and enhances acquisition of motion information for the control of tongue movement during foraging and the detection of predators.

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Topography of ganglion cells and photoreceptors in the sheep retina

Cited by 39 publications

References 52 publications

Oblique color vision in an open-habitat bird: spectral sensitivity, photoreceptor distribution and behavioral implications

Oblique color vision in an open-habitat bird: spectral sensitivity, photoreceptor distribution and behavioral implications

Sensory factors involved in mother-young bonding in sheep: a review

Scene from above: Retinal ganglion cell topography and spatial resolving power in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)

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