Topography and ultrasonographic identification of the equine pulmonary vein draining pattern

Vandecasteele, Tim; Loon, Gunther van; Vandevelde, Kimberley; Pauw, Bart De; Simoens, Paul; Cornillie, Pieter

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.01.009

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Imaging of the PV ostia, for example, was sometimes more difficult as these orifices are located at the border of the acoustic window. The visibility of ostium I depends on its location and shows anatomical variation in horses .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While these rather ventrally located structures have been described in detail, there is limited information regarding more dorsally located structures, such as dorsal atrial walls, cranial (CrVC) and caudal vena cava (CaVC), brachiocephalic trunk (BT) and pulmonary veins (PV) because they are partially covered by air‐filled lungs, and therefore more difficult to visualise . Recently, based on a topographical study, the ultrasonographic identification of PV in horses was described .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Echocardiographic identification of atrial‐related structures and vessels in horses validated by computed tomography of casted hearts

Vandecasteele

Cornillie

Steenkiste

et al. 2018

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Echocardiographic identification of atrial‐related structures and vessels in horses validated by computed tomography of casted hearts

Vandecasteele

Cornillie

Steenkiste

et al. 2018

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…Briefly, the sonographers modified the right parasternal long axis view as follows: to visualize the third pulmonary venous ostium and RPA, the sonographers moved the ultrasound probe slightly apically and angled it dorso-cranially, to obtain a somewhat oblique view of the heart base (Fig 1). To conserve nomenclature that has been adopted in companion animals, we refer to the third pulmonary venous ostium as the right pulmonary vein (RPV) throughout the remainder of this manuscript, as this ostium receives blood from the largest part of the right lung [4,5], and is analogous to the right pulmonary vein in dogs and cats [6–8].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, investigators have described the echocardiographic visualization of equine pulmonary vein ostia [4,5]. These authors suggested that the size and flow patterns of the pulmonary veins might help the assessment of cardiovascular disease in horses [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transthoracic M-mode echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary vein-to-pulmonary artery ratio in healthy horses

et al. 2019

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Equine cardiovascular structures and function are routinely assessed by transthoracic echocardiography. Recently, investigators have described the echocardiographic visualization of equine pulmonary vein ostia. In companion animals, the right pulmonary vein (RPV) to right pulmonary artery (RPA) ratio has been used as an index to estimate the severity of cardiac diseases resulting in left ventricular volume overload. We sought to assess the feasibility of measuring RPV and RPA dimensions, and sought to provide various previously examined RPV and RPA variables in clinically healthy horses that could be used to assess cardiopulmonary disease status. Echocardiographic examination was prospectively performed in 70 healthy horses. The RPV and RPA were visualized using a modified right parasternal long-axis view and maximum and minimum diameters of both vessels were measured from 2D guided M-mode traces. The aortic diameter (Ao) was measured from the right parasternal short-axis view in early diastole. These measurements were then used to produce various ratio indices. RPV and RPA were imaged in all 70 horses. Median of the minimum and maximum RPV/RPA was 0.51 and 0.60, respectively. Median fractional dimensional change of vessels was 33% for RPV and 22% for RPA. The medians of the minimum and maximum RPV/Ao and RPA/Ao were 0.18, 0.28, 0.35 and 0.46, respectively. No relationships between either bodyweight or heart rate and any of the vein or artery variables were identified (maximum r 2 = 0.04). Inter- and intra-observer measurement variability was very good for all RPV and RPA measurements. Measuring of RPV and RPA diameters using M-mode transthoracic echocardiography is feasible in healthy horses. Further studies of these variables in horses with cardiac diseases are needed to determine the clinical applicability and utility.

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“…Casting of the equine bronchial tree via the trachea can be performed by vertically suspending the lung package from the trachea and pouring the casting media down into the trachea. Resin sinking to the deepest portions of the lung by gravitational pull displaces the residual air upwards, allowing it to escape via the trachea that is deliberately not closed around the funnel through which the resin is poured into the system (Vandecasteele et al, ). A similar approach can be used to cast the guttural pouches of the horse.…”

Section: Principles and Technique Of Corrosion Castingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion casting in anatomy: Visualizing the architecture of hollow structures and surface details

Cornillie

Casteleyn

Horst³

et al. 2019

Anat Histol Embryol

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Corrosion casting is the technique by which a solid, negative replica is created from a hollow anatomical structure and liberated from its surrounding tissues. For centuries, different types of hardening substances have been developed to create such casts, but nowadays, thermosetting polymers are mostly used as casting medium. Although the principle and initial set‐up are relatively easy, producing high‐quality casts that serve their intended purpose can be quite challenging. This paper evaluates some of the more popular casting resins that are currently available and provides a step‐by‐step overview of the corrosion casting procedure, including surface casts of anatomical structures. Hurdles and pitfalls are discussed, along with possible solutions to circumvent them, based on personal experience by the authors.

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Topography and ultrasonographic identification of the equine pulmonary vein draining pattern

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Echocardiographic identification of atrial‐related structures and vessels in horses validated by computed tomography of casted hearts

Echocardiographic identification of atrial‐related structures and vessels in horses validated by computed tomography of casted hearts

Transthoracic M-mode echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary vein-to-pulmonary artery ratio in healthy horses

Corrosion casting in anatomy: Visualizing the architecture of hollow structures and surface details

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