Topography and nerve supply of the cucullaris (trapezius) of skates

Boord, Robert L.; Sperry, David G.

doi:10.1002/jmor.1052070207

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Such is the case with the innervation of the trapezius muscle by the spinal accessory nerve rather than spinal motor neurons [17], [18], [19]. Further support for specificity between motor neurons and targets includes studies in some vertebrates showing that spinal motor neurons can reinnervate the correct muscles following nerve transection [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transplantation of Xenopus laevis Tissues to Determine the Ability of Motor Neurons to Acquire a Novel Target

2013

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The evolutionary origin of novelties is a central problem in biology. At a cellular level this requires, for example, molecularly resolving how brainstem motor neurons change their innervation target from muscle fibers (branchial motor neurons) to neural crest-derived ganglia (visceral motor neurons) or ear-derived hair cells (inner ear and lateral line efferent neurons). Transplantation of various tissues into the path of motor neuron axons could determine the ability of any motor neuron to innervate a novel target. Several tissues that receive direct, indirect, or no motor innervation were transplanted into the path of different motor neuron populations in Xenopus laevis embryos. Ears, somites, hearts, and lungs were transplanted to the orbit, replacing the eye. Jaw and eye muscle were transplanted to the trunk, replacing a somite. Applications of lipophilic dyes and immunohistochemistry to reveal motor neuron axon terminals were used. The ear, but not somite-derived muscle, heart, or liver, received motor neuron axons via the oculomotor or trochlear nerves. Somite-derived muscle tissue was innervated, likely by the hypoglossal nerve, when replacing the ear. In contrast to our previous report on ear innervation by spinal motor neurons, none of the tissues (eye or jaw muscle) was innervated when transplanted to the trunk. Taken together, these results suggest that there is some plasticity inherent to motor innervation, but not every motor neuron can become an efferent to any target that normally receives motor input. The only tissue among our samples that can be innervated by all motor neurons tested is the ear. We suggest some possible, testable molecular suggestions for this apparent uniqueness.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transplantation of Xenopus laevis Tissues to Determine the Ability of Motor Neurons to Acquire a Novel Target

2013

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“…This issue needs further investigation, however, and we will not elaborate upon it here. No accessory motor nucleus is known in hagfishes or lampreys, and this nucleus may have evolved with gnathostomes [84).…”

Section: Somatic Motor Column (N III Iv Vi)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cranial and Spinal Nerve Organization in Amphioxus and Lampreys: Evidence for an Ancestral Craniate Pattern

Fritzsch

Northcutt²

1993

Cells Tissues Organs

136

134

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The spinal nerves in amphioxus are compared with the spinal and cranial nerves in lampreys. The dorsal spinal roots in amphioxus are similar to the mixed sensory and motor dorsal roots of many cranial nerves in lampreys but not to the purely sensory dorsal spinal roots in lampreys and gnathostomes. Likewise, cranial nerves V, VII, IX and X in lampreys, and all spinal nerves in amphioxus, lack a separate ventral motor root which is a constant feature of all spinal motor roots in lampreys and other vertebrates. Based on these similarities and differences, it is proposed that cranial and spinal nerves in craniates are independently derived serial homologs of elements of an amphioxus-like ancestral pattern. Further evolution involved the addition of neural crest-derived ganglia to most cranial and all spinal nerves, and the addition of placodally derived ganglia to many cranial nerves. The possible homology of ocular motor nerves is discussed but cannot be resolved owing to the absence of these nerves in hagfishes, which are the only relevant outgroup.

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“…The skate is one of the first species to develop a shoulder girdle, corresponding Cucullaris musculature (Trapezius/SCM homolog), and accessory nerve [23]. The skate was originally thought to have a Cucullaris, represented by three muscular slits: medial, intermediate, and lateral [58–60]. More recent investigations by Sperry and Boord have shown only the lateral slit is innervated wholly by the accessory nerve, while the medial and intermediate receive innervations from spinal nerves 10–14 [60, 61].…”

Section: The Transitional Nervementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The skate was originally thought to have a Cucullaris, represented by three muscular slits: medial, intermediate, and lateral [58–60]. More recent investigations by Sperry and Boord have shown only the lateral slit is innervated wholly by the accessory nerve, while the medial and intermediate receive innervations from spinal nerves 10–14 [60, 61]. The lateral slit consists of a larger superficial part and a smaller deeper part similar to the Cucullaris of the shark.…”

Section: The Transitional Nervementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lateral slit consists of a larger superficial part and a smaller deeper part similar to the Cucullaris of the shark. The early Cucullaris of the skate attaches to the shoulder girdle and lower branchial arches and apparently functions in elevation and protraction of the pectoral girdle and a part of the branchial skeleton [60, 61]. The accessory nerve of the skate is composed of axons traveling exclusively within the intestinal ramus of the vagus n. Recall that the intestinal ramus was relatively well formed in the early lamprey (Figure 6) [56, 61].…”

Section: The Transitional Nervementioning

confidence: 99%

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Transitional Nerve: A New and Original Classification of a Peripheral Nerve Supported by the Nature of the Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

Benninger

McNeil

2010

Neurology Research International

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Classically, the accessory nerve is described as having a cranial and a spinal root. Textbooks are inconsistent with regard to the modality of the spinal root of the accessory nerve. Some authors report the spinal root as general somatic efferent (GSE), while others list a special visceral efferent (SVE) modality. We investigated the comparative, anatomical, embryological, and molecular literature to determine which modality of the accessory nerve was accurate and why a discrepancy exists. We traced the origin of the incongruity to the writings of early comparative anatomists who believed the accessory nerve was either branchial or somatic depending on the origin of its target musculature. Both theories were supported entirely by empirical observations of anatomical and embryological dissections. We find ample evidence including very recent molecular experiments to show the cranial and spinal root are separate entities. Furthermore, we determined the modality of the spinal root is neither GSE or SVE, but a unique peripheral nerve with a distinct modality. We propose a new classification of the accessory nerve as a transitional nerve, which demonstrates characteristics of both spinal and cranial nerves.

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Topography and nerve supply of the cucullaris (trapezius) of skates

Cited by 16 publications

References 16 publications

Transplantation of Xenopus laevis Tissues to Determine the Ability of Motor Neurons to Acquire a Novel Target

Transplantation of Xenopus laevis Tissues to Determine the Ability of Motor Neurons to Acquire a Novel Target

Cranial and Spinal Nerve Organization in Amphioxus and Lampreys: Evidence for an Ancestral Craniate Pattern

Transitional Nerve: A New and Original Classification of a Peripheral Nerve Supported by the Nature of the Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

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