Topographic Representation of the Human Body in the Occipitotemporal Cortex

Orlov, Tanya; Makin, Tamar R.; Zohary, Ehud

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.032

Cited by 196 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…4; Table I). LOTC clusters probably intersected the human motion complex (V5/hMT+) and/or extrastriate body area [EBA; Downing et al, 2001; particularly its hand representation; Orlov et al, 2010]. This is in line with previous results, showing LOTC to carry information about observed manual actions [Oosterhof et al, 2012b] and extends them to motor imagery.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Motor imagery of hand actions: Decoding the content of motor imagery from brain activity in frontal and parietal motor areas

et al. 2015

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How motor maps are organized while imagining actions is an intensely debated issue. It is particularly unclear whether motor imagery relies on action‐specific representations in premotor and posterior parietal cortices. This study tackled this issue by attempting to decode the content of motor imagery from spatial patterns of Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) signals recorded in the frontoparietal motor imagery network. During fMRI‐scanning, 20 right‐handed volunteers worked on three experimental conditions and one baseline condition. In the experimental conditions, they had to imagine three different types of right‐hand actions: an aiming movement, an extension–flexion movement, and a squeezing movement. The identity of imagined actions was decoded from the spatial patterns of BOLD signals they evoked in premotor and posterior parietal cortices using multivoxel pattern analysis. Results showed that the content of motor imagery (i.e., the action type) could be decoded significantly above chance level from the spatial patterns of BOLD signals in both frontal (PMC, M1) and parietal areas (SPL, IPL, IPS). An exploratory searchlight analysis revealed significant clusters motor‐ and motor‐associated cortices, as well as in visual cortices. Hence, the data provide evidence that patterns of activity within premotor and posterior parietal cortex vary systematically with the specific type of hand action being imagined. Hum Brain Mapp 37:81–93, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Motor imagery of hand actions: Decoding the content of motor imagery from brain activity in frontal and parietal motor areas

et al. 2015

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“…First, we applied cross-correlation analysis (Fig. 1B) (26). A hemodynamic response function (HRF) predictor corresponding to the movement time of a single body part was cross-correlated with the BOLD signal.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to somatotopic motor mapping, retinotopic mapping is usually based on phase-locking analytic approaches. These approaches are considered the classical means of defining early visual areas (9,30) and also used to map other sensory systems (11,26,28). They yield a highly robust topographic mapping and can pinpoint gradients undetected by GLM analysis (8).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Negative blood oxygenation level dependent homunculus and somatotopic information in primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area

Zeharia¹,

Hertz²,

Flash

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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A crucial attribute in movement encoding is an adequate balance between suppression of unwanted muscles and activation of required ones. We studied movement encoding across the primary motor cortex (M1) and supplementary motor area (SMA) by inspecting the positive and negative blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals in these regions. Using periodic and eventrelated experiments incorporating the bilateral/axial movements of 20 body parts, we report detailed mototopic imaging maps in M1 and SMA. These maps were obtained using phase-locked analysis. In addition to the positive BOLD, significant negative BOLD was detected in M1 but not in the SMA. The negative BOLD spatial pattern was neither located at the ipsilateral somatotopic location nor randomly distributed. Rather, it was organized somatotopically across the entire homunculus and inversely to the positive BOLD, creating a negative BOLD homunculus. The neuronal source of negative BOLD is unclear. M1 provides a unique system to test whether the origin of negative BOLD is neuronal, because different arteries supply blood to different regions in the homunculus, ruling out blood-stealing explanations. Finally, multivoxel pattern analysis showed that positive BOLD in M1 and SMA and negative BOLD in M1 contain somatotopic information, enabling prediction of the moving body part from inside and outside its somatotopic location. We suggest that the neuronal processes underlying negative BOLD participate in somatotopic encoding in M1 but not in the SMA. This dissociation may emerge because of differences in the activity of these motor areas associated with movement suppression.O ne of the most important attributes encoded in motor homunculi is somatotopy. The work by Penfield and Boldrey (1) discovered the ventral-to-dorsal, face-to-leg somatotopic representation in the primary motor cortex (M1) in humans. Subsequent imaging studies have used up to 10 body parts to confirm this organization (2, 3). In the supplementary motor area (SMA), imaging techniques, electrophysiological measurements, and tumor resection have revealed a rostrocaudal, face-to-leg representation in humans (4-6), similar to the representation in primates (7). Studies in the SMA have only used a few body parts and thus, have been unable to show full-body somatotopy.Our first objective was to map the body representation in M1 and SMA in much greater detail using 20 body parts covering the entire body. Detailed maps on the single-subject level are important for medical purposes as well as assessment of intersubject variability and experience-related plastic changes. We used a continuous cyclic design, enabling us to apply phased-locked analysis approaches, which provide the optimal tools for mapping topographic gradients in the brain (8-11). Our study applies these methods to somatotopic mapping of the motor system. However, movement encoding does not depend solely on the correct activation of specific muscles but also on the suppression of unwanted ones. The importance of suppressing noninvo...

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“…Touch applied on a part of the body activates a specific part of the map of the body surface represented in the primary somatosensory cortex in the post-central gyrus (Marshall, Woolsey, & Bard, 1937;Penfield & Boldrey, 1937). Vision of different body parts selectively activates portions of the extrastriate body area (EBA; Downing, Jiang, Shuman, & Kanwisher, 2001) and occipito-temporal cortex (Orlov, Makin, & Zohary, 2010). Hearing sounds produced by body parts (e.g.…”

Section: Unisensory Body Representationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bodily ownership and self-location: Components of bodily self-consciousness

Serino

Alsmith

Costantini

et al. 2013

Consciousness and Cognition

200

165

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a b s t r a c tRecent research on bodily self-consciousness has assumed that it consists of three distinct components: the experience of owning a body (body ownership); the experience of being a body with a given location within the environment (self-location); and the experience of taking a first-person, body-centered, perspective on that environment (perspective). Here we review recent neuroimaging studies suggesting that at least two of these components-body ownership and self-location-are implemented in rather distinct neural substrates, located, respectively, in the premotor cortex and in the temporo-parietal junction. We examine these results and consider them in relation to clinical evidence from patients with altered body perception and work on a variety of multisensory, body-related illusions, such as the rubber hand illusion, the full body illusion, the body swap illusion and the enfacement illusion. We conclude by providing a preliminary synthesis of the data on bodily self-consciousness and its neural correlates.

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Topographic Representation of the Human Body in the Occipitotemporal Cortex

Cited by 196 publications

References 48 publications

Motor imagery of hand actions: Decoding the content of motor imagery from brain activity in frontal and parietal motor areas

Motor imagery of hand actions: Decoding the content of motor imagery from brain activity in frontal and parietal motor areas

Negative blood oxygenation level dependent homunculus and somatotopic information in primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area

Bodily ownership and self-location: Components of bodily self-consciousness

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