Topographic distribution of the 40 Hz auditory evoked-Related potential in normal and aged subjects

Johnson, Blake W.; Weinberg, H.; Ribary, Urs; Cheyne, Douglas; Ancill, R. J.

doi:10.1007/bf01129176

Cited by 52 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The topography of the EEG steady-state response in our study, with greatest amplitude in contralateral frontal electrodes, is a standard finding when the recording is performed with balanced earlobe reference electrodes (Azzena et al, 1995;Maiste et al, 1995). Using a noncephalic reference, the recordings show phase reversals in temporal regions (Johnson et al, 1988). This tangential dipole is better defined by magnetoencephalography (MEG) studies, which demonstrate the source in the primary auditory cortex, with a projection to central fields (Engelien et al, 2000).…”

Section: Neurophysiological Studymentioning

confidence: 60%

Activation of Human Cerebral and Cerebellar Cortex by Auditory Stimulation at 40 Hz

Pastor¹,

Artieda²,

et al. 2002

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We used functional brain imaging with positron emission tomography (PET)-H 2 15 O to study a remarkable neurophysiological finding in the normal brain. Auditory stimulation at various frequencies in the gamma range elicits a steady-state scalp electroencephalographic (EEG) response that peaks in amplitude at 40 Hz, with smaller amplitudes at lower and higher stimulation frequencies. We confirmed this finding in 28 healthy subjects, each studied with monaural trains of stimuli at 12 different stimulation rates (12, 20, 30, 32, 35, 37.5, 40, 42.5, 45, 47.5, 50, and 60 Hz). There is disagreement as to whether the peak in the amplitude of the EEG response at 40 Hz corresponds simply to a superimposition of middle latency auditory evoked potentials, neuronal synchronization, or increased cortical synaptic activity at this stimulation frequency. To clarify this issue, we measured regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with PET-H 2 15 O in nine normal subjects at rest and during auditory stimulation at four different frequencies (12, 32, 40, and 47 Hz) and analyzed the results with statistical parametric mapping. The behavior of the rCBF response was similar to the steadystate EEG response, reaching a peak at 40 Hz. This finding suggests that the steady-state amplitude peak is related to increased cortical synaptic activity. Additionally, we found that, compared with other stimulation frequencies, 40 Hz selectively activated the auditory region of the pontocerebellum, a brain structure with important roles in cortical inhibition and timing. Key words: steady-state auditory evoked potentials; gamma oscillatory activity; regional cerebral blood flow; positron emission tomography; cerebellum; auditory cortexIn humans, auditory stimulation at different gamma frequencies elicits an electroencephalographic (EEG) steady-state response (SSR) that cycles at the stimulation frequency and has the greatest amplitude when the stimulus is given at 40 Hz (Galambos et al., 1981). Lower or higher frequencies produce a response of smaller amplitude. These oscillatory responses seem to be generated at the level of the auditory cortex, although modulated by thalamocortical systems (Makela and Hari, 1987;Steriade et al., 1991). The significance and origin of the steady-state potentials continue to be debated (Basar et al., 1987;Santarelli et al., 1995;Gutschalk et al., 1999). It is unclear whether the power increment of the steady-state auditory response at 40 Hz results merely from the temporal coherence (phase summation) of "middle latency" evoked responses, phase synchronization of a pool of cortical neurons, or a true increase in cortical synaptic activity at 40 Hz. Synaptic activity causes an increment in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). To test the hypothesis that the enhanced response at 40 Hz reflects increased synaptic cortical activity, we measured rCBF with positron emission tomography (PET) in the auditory cortex and other brain regions during auditory stimulation at different frequencies. A rise in rCBF at 40 Hz stimulatio...

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Section: Neurophysiological Studymentioning

confidence: 60%

Activation of Human Cerebral and Cerebellar Cortex by Auditory Stimulation at 40 Hz

Pastor¹,

Artieda²,

et al. 2002

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“…Comparison of 20-Hz and 40-Hz ASSRs detected by EEG found that most components of the 20-Hz ASSRs originated from the auditory cortices, whereas the 40-Hz ASSRs may contain components from lower brain locations than the cortex such as the medial geniculate body in addition to components originating from the auditory cortices [23], [29], [30]. However, when the ASSR is measured by MEG as in the present study, almost all of the recorded ASSRs were assumed to consist of cortical components for both 20-Hz and 40-Hs ASSRs [31], [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Contralateral Noise on the 20-Hz Auditory Steady State Response - Magnetoencephalography Study

et al. 2014

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The auditory steady state response (ASSR) is an oscillatory brain response, which is phase locked to the rhythm of an auditory stimulus. ASSRs have been recorded in response to a wide frequency range of modulation and/or repetition, but the physiological features of the ASSRs are somewhat different depending on the modulation frequency. Recently, the 20-Hz ASSR has been emphasized in clinical examinations, especially in the area of psychiatry. However, little is known about the physiological properties of the 20-Hz ASSR, compared to those of the 40-Hz and 80-Hz ASSRs. The effects of contralateral noise on the ASSR are known to depend on the modulation frequency to evoke ASSR. However, the effects of contralateral noise on the 20-Hz ASSR are not known. Here we assessed the effects of contralateral white noise at a level of 70 dB SPL on the 20-Hz and 40-Hz ASSRs using a helmet-shaped magnetoencephalography system in 9 healthy volunteers (8 males and 1 female, mean age 31.2 years). The ASSRs were elicited by monaural 1000-Hz 5-s tone bursts amplitude-modulated at 20 and 39 Hz and presented at 80 dB SPL. Contralateral noise caused significant suppression of both the 20-Hz and 40-Hz ASSRs, although suppression was significantly smaller for the 20-Hz ASSRs than the 40-Hz ASSRs. Moreover, the greatest suppression of both 20-Hz and 40-Hz ASSRs occurred in the right hemisphere when stimuli were presented to the right ear with contralateral noise. The present study newly showed that 20-Hz ASSRs are suppressed by contralateral noise, which may be important both for characterization of the 20-Hz ASSR and for interpretation in clinical situations. Physicians must be aware that the 20-Hz ASSR is significantly suppressed by sound (e.g. masking noise or binaural stimulation) applied to the contralateral ear.

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“…In fact, 40-Hz oscillations have been observed in the cortex under certain conditions. For example, there are 40-Hz oscillations during physiological stimulation of the visual (Gray et al, 1989) or auditory cortex (Galambos et al, 1981; Spydell et al, 1985; Mäkelä and Hari, 1987; Johnson et al, 1988). In its absence, as occurs when P type calcium channels are (Ca 3.1) are deleted, there is a total lack of cognitive function.…”

Section: Cortical Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrinsic electrical properties of mammalian neurons and CNS function: a historical perspective

Llinás

2014

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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This brief review summarizes work done in mammalian neuroscience concerning the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of four neuronal types; Cerebellar Purkinje cells, inferior olivary cells, thalamic cells, and some cortical interneurons. It is a personal perspective addressing an interesting time in neuroscience when the reflex view of brain function, as the paradigm to understand global neuroscience, began to be modified toward one in which sensory input modulates rather than dictates brain function. The perspective of the paper is not a comprehensive description of the intrinsic electrical properties of all nerve cells but rather addresses a set of cell types that provide indicative examples of mechanisms that modulate brain function.

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Topographic distribution of the 40 Hz auditory evoked-Related potential in normal and aged subjects

Cited by 52 publications

References 11 publications

Activation of Human Cerebral and Cerebellar Cortex by Auditory Stimulation at 40 Hz

Activation of Human Cerebral and Cerebellar Cortex by Auditory Stimulation at 40 Hz

Effects of Contralateral Noise on the 20-Hz Auditory Steady State Response - Magnetoencephalography Study

Intrinsic electrical properties of mammalian neurons and CNS function: a historical perspective

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