Topical Toxicity and Testing

Idson, Bernard

doi:10.1002/jps.2600570101

Cited by 15 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 79 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…The cellular involvement in skin inflammation is due to production of histamine by mast cells under the influence of xenobiotics [20]. Thus, histamine is a powerful mediator of allergic reactions and is released in response to various insults including chemical irritation followed by visible erythema and increased vascular permeability allowing cells to migrate to the irritated area causing edema [21,22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Dermal Irritancy Potential of Benzanthrone-Derived Dye Analogs: Structure Activity Relationship

Singh

Das²,

Khanna³

et al. 2000

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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The twelve structural analogs of benzanthrone-derived dyes of commercial use were screened for their dermal irritation potential response using the Draize occlusive patch test. The test dyes, dissolved in DMSO as vehicle, were topically applied on the skin of the male Druckery rats (160 ± 10 g) according to the OECD protocol. The potential dermal hazard was assessed in terms of the primary cutaneous irritation (PCI) index and irritancy. Irritancy was evaluated according to the AFNOR scale. In terms of irritancy, the twelve benzanthrone dyes qualified as moderately irritant (3.0–5.0) according to the above scale. In decreasing order, PCI index of the various dyes was: Navy Blue R (4.5); Jade Green XBN (4.25); 16, 17-dihydroxydibenzanthrone (3.84); Black NB (3.75), Jade Green 2G (3.75); 3-bromobenzanthrone (3.58); Brilliant Purple 4R (3.58); Olive D (3.50); Dark Blue 2R (3.41); Olive Green B (3.33); isodibenzanthrone (3.33), and benzanthrone (3.16). These results indicate that benzanthrone-derived dyes/dye intermediates caused dermal toxicity which appears to be influenced by the number of carbonyl and amino-anthraquinone groups as well as by the presence of functional groups like halogen, nitro, hydroxy and methoxy in the parent molecule, benzanthrone.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Dermal Irritancy Potential of Benzanthrone-Derived Dye Analogs: Structure Activity Relationship

Singh

Das²,

Khanna³

et al. 2000

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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“…Dermal irritation assessment was based on erythema and oedema, whereas ocular irritation potential was based on a multicomponent score biased toward corneal opacity. Descriptions and discussions of these methods, together with the numerous modifications employed, have been published in the literature (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensory Nerves, Neurogenic Inflammation and Pain: Missing Components of Alternative Irritation Strategies? A Review and a Potential Strategy

Garle

Fry

2003

Altern Lab Anim

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The eyes and skin are highly innervated by sensory nerves; stimulation of these nerves by irritants may give rise to neurogenic inflammation, leading to sensory irritation and pain. Few in vitro models of neurogenic inflammation have been described in conjunction with alternative skin and eye irritation methods, despite the fact that the sensory innervation of these organs is well-documented. To date, alternative approaches to the Draize skin and eye irritation tests have proved largely successful at classifying severe irritants, but are generally poor at discriminating between agents with mild to moderate irritant potential. We propose that the development of in vitro models for the prediction of sensory stimulation will assist in the re-classification of the irritant potential of agents that are under-predicted by current in vitro strategies. This review describes the range of xenobiotics known to cause inflammation and pain through the stimulation of sensory nerves, as well as the endogenous mediators and receptor types that are involved. In particular, it focuses on the vanilloid receptor, its activators and its regulation, as these receptors function as integrators of responses to numerous noxious stimuli. Cell culture models and ex vivo preparations that have the potential to serve as predictors of sensory irritation are also described. In addition, as readily available sensory neuron cell line models are few in number, stem cell lines (with the capacity to differentiate into sensory neurons) are explored. Finally, a preliminary strategy to enable assessment of whether incorporation of a sensory component will enhance the predictive power of current in vitro eye and skin testing strategies is proposed.

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Pharmaceutical Sciences—1968. A Literature Review of Pharmaceutics

Bernardo¹,

Russo²

1969

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Topical Toxicity and Testing

Cited by 15 publications

References 79 publications

Evaluation of Dermal Irritancy Potential of Benzanthrone-Derived Dye Analogs: Structure Activity Relationship

Evaluation of Dermal Irritancy Potential of Benzanthrone-Derived Dye Analogs: Structure Activity Relationship

Sensory Nerves, Neurogenic Inflammation and Pain: Missing Components of Alternative Irritation Strategies? A Review and a Potential Strategy

Pharmaceutical Sciences—1968. A Literature Review of Pharmaceutics

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