Topical Antibacterials and Global Challenges on Resistance Development

Amirthalingam, Sathish; Yi, Kok Shin; Ching, Lim Tze; Mun, Ng Yoke

doi:10.4314/tjpr.v14i5.24

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…However, the matter of concern is that inappropriate use may increase risk of adverse effects or antimicrobial resistance even if they are used topically. [15]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self-medication for acne among undergraduate medical students

et al. 2017

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Aims:This study aims to evaluate the knowledge and pattern of self-medication for acne among undergraduate medical students at a tertiary care teaching hospital.Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted in II MBBS (Group A), III MBBS Part I (Group B), and III MBBS Part II (Group C) students. Prevalidated questionnaire about knowledge, attitude, and practice of self-medication were administered to participants. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Chi-square test.Results:Out of 582 students who responded to questionnaire, 518 suffered from acne. Self-medication practice was observed in 59.2% students. Significantly higher number of female students practiced self-medication (P < 0.0001). Most common source of information was seniors/friends/family members (34.2%). The mildness of illness (42.3%) was the most common reason of self-medication. A total mean score of knowledge was significantly higher in Group C as compared to Group A (P < 0.001) and Group B (P < 0.05). Allopathic medication was preferred by 69.8% students. Seventy-five percentage students read leaflet/package insert/label instruction and expiry date of the medicines.Conclusions:The participating students lack the knowledge about self-medication for acne. Adequate knowledge and awareness about the appropriate use of medication will reduce the practice of self-medication and improve rational prescribing.

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“…However, the matter of concern is that inappropriate use may increase risk of adverse effects or antimicrobial resistance even if they are used topically. [15]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antimicrobial even if used topically may increase resistance. [15] Hence, awareness about self-medication is important in undergraduate medical students which will prevent adverse drug reactions and antimicrobial resistance. Awareness about self-medication and its effect will improve rational prescribing in future.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-medication for acne among undergraduate medical students

et al. 2017

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“…The release of drug loaded nanostructured lipid carriers statistics was studied using, zero-order (cumulative amount of drug release versus time), first-order (log cumulative percentage of drug remaining versus time), higuchi (cumulative percentage of release versus square root of time) and korsmeyer-Peppas (log cumulative percentage of drug released versus log time) equation models [19,20,21].…”

Section: Drug Release Kinetics Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Characterization of Ofloxacin & Prednisolone Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (Nlc) for Topical Route

2019

JPR

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Aim: The present study was designed to develop and characterize nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) of Ofloxacin and Prednisolone for topical use in case of infections associated with inflammation. Materials and Methods: Ofloxacin was obtained as gift sample from Mankind Pharma Ltd, VillKyarta, P.O. Misserwal, Poonta Sahib, Sir Mour. H.P. Whereas Prednisolone was purchased from Yarrow chem., Mumbai. It was evaluated for its pre-formulation studies (organoleptic properties, melting point, solubility, compatibility, max. wavelength of absorption). NLCs were prepared through melt-emulsification followed by ultra-sonication technique. Further optimized batch of NLCs was incorporated into Gel. Formulated NLCs were evaluated in terms of morphological characteristics, particle size (Polydispersity Index), drug content, In-vitro drug release (using egg membrane), drug release kinetics (Ritger-Peppas diffusion method). Finally, gel containing NLCs was studied by physical characteristics, pH, viscosity, spreadability, drug content, In-vitro drug release and its kinetics. Results and Discussion: In pre-formulation study, drugs were found having the similar properties as described in Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) and United States Pharmacopoeia (USP). SEM photomicrograph revealed that NLCs were spherical with more or less smooth surface; particle size 512.3-1703 nm and PDI- 0.399-0.742 (ofloxacin) and particle size 539.3-1736.7 nm and PDI- 0.335 - 0.711 (prednisolone);drug content was found in range of 56.7 - 75.6% for ofloxacin and 65.9 – 81.8% for prednisolone. NLC1 demonstrated maximum release rate with 83.37±1.70% and NLC8 73.96±0.53%.NLC6 was best fitted in Korsmeyer - peppas model as the regression coefficients were 0.960, 0.964, 0.977, 0.950, 0.980 & 0.987 respectively and prednisolone NLC 9 (0.953) and they were close to 1. Conclusion: In conclusion, the prepared NLCs had prolonged release effects with good potential for topical delivery of NLC based gel formulation of ofloxacin& prednisolone.

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“…The management of skin infections requires treatment by oral and/topical antimicrobial formulations [ 10 , 11 ]; however, there has been negative treatment outcomes due to abundant harmful effects associated with synthetic antimicrobials and due to the emergence of resistance in common skin pathogens such as S. aureus resulting as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and other such strains [ 12 ]. Treatment has therefore become a challenge and is often not successful [ 12 ]. There was a report of infections that are unresponsive to all known antibiotics [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of Novel Broad‐Spectrum Antimicrobial Topical Formulations from Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) W. Watson Essential Oil

Gemeda

Tadele

Lemma

et al. 2018

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Background Skin infections were the most frequently encountered of all infections and the 4th leading cause of nonfatal disease burden. Topical drugs have been used for the management of skin infections. The growing concern of drug resistance to the topical agents has warned the need for continuous development of novel drug. Essential oils are the best candidate for new drug with different mode of action and target as they are rich in chemical constituents. Objective To evaluate and develop safe and effective topical antimicrobial formulations from essential oil of Cymbopogon martini. Method. Essential oil was extracted using hydrodistillation aerial part C. martini and topical formulations were prepared in five different semisolid bases. In vitro antimicrobial investigations were performed on essential oil and topical formulations. Skin sensitizations of the formulations were evaluated using guinea pig maximization. Results The essential oil of C. martini has shown broad-spectrum antimicrobial potency against all tested organisms with MIC value ranging from 0.65 to 10 μg/ml. Absolute inhibitions of growth of fungi were observed against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum at concentrations above 1% of oil and against Microsporum canis and Trichophyton verrucosum at a concentration of 4% oil. Among topical formulations, the highest antimicrobial activity was recorded in hydrophilic ointment followed by macrogol blend ointment. The antimicrobial activity of oil was higher in fungal pathogen compared to bacteria. Gram positive bacteria were more sensitive than gram negative bacteria. Hydrophilic and macrogol blend ointment containing 5% oil did not produce any skin sensitization on guinea pigs. Conclusion In conclusion, topical formulations of C. martini essential oil can be alternative topical agents with safe broad-spectrum activity for the treatment of skin disorder. Further studies should focus on shelf life study and clinical study of the product.

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Topical Antibacterials and Global Challenges on Resistance Development

Cited by 10 publications

References 19 publications

Self-medication for acne among undergraduate medical students

Self-medication for acne among undergraduate medical students

Development and Characterization of Ofloxacin & Prednisolone Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (Nlc) for Topical Route

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of Novel Broad‐Spectrum Antimicrobial Topical Formulations from Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) W. Watson Essential Oil

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