Topical anesthetics in dermatology

Huang, Wilber; Vidimos, Allison

doi:10.1067/mjd.2000.106506

Cited by 100 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…Topical anesthetics can be applied painlessly as a spray, liquid or gel, which makes them easy and practical to administer. The anesthetic effects of topical anesthesia act more rapidly when the anesthetic is applied to the mucous membranes compared with intact skin, as intact skin acts as a diffusion barrier (Huang and Vidimos, 2000). Topical anesthetics have been shown to work effectively to reduce the pain associated with lacerations and open wounds in young children (Young, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiology and behavior of pigs before and after castration: effects of two topical anesthetics

Sutherland

Davis

Brooks

et al. 2010

Animal

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Surgical castration of male piglets is a common management practice conducted on commercial swine farms to prevent the occurrence of boar taint and aggressive behavior. However, the procedure of surgical castration causes acute pain-induced distress, which is an animal welfare concern. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of two topical anesthetics to alleviate the pain caused by castration in piglets as measured by physiological and behavior indices of stress. At 3 days of age, 40 weight-matched piglets were allocated to one of four treatment groups. Treatments included: (i) sham castration (CON), (ii) surgical castration (CAS), (iii) castration and short-acting local anesthetic applied topically to the castration wound (SHORT) and (iv) castration and long-acting local anesthetic applied topically to the castration wound (LONG). Blood samples were collected from piglets before and 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after castration to measure leukocyte and differential counts and cortisol concentrations. The above experiment was repeated without blood collection and behavior was recorded for 30 min before and 180 min after castration or handling. Stress vocalizations were recorded during castration and handling. All piglets were weighed before and 24 h after castration and wound healing was recorded daily for the first 14 days after castration. Leukocyte counts and differentials did not differ ( P . 0.05) among any of the treatments. Cortisol concentrations were elevated ( P , 0.06) in CAS, SHORT and LONG piglets compared with controls 30 and 60 min after castration. The percentage of stress vocalizations was greater ( P , 0.05) among castrated piglets compared with CON piglets, regardless of anesthetic treatment. Piglets that were castrated and not given a topical anesthetic spent more time ( P , 0.05) lying without contact compared with piglets castrated and given a topical anesthetic, regardless of the topical anesthetic administered. Body weight change did not differ ( P . 0.05) among treatments 24 h after castration or control handling and wound healing scores were greater ( P , 0.05) in SHORT compared with CAS and LONG piglets 9 to 14 days after castration. In this study, the use of a short-or long-acting topical anesthetic was not effective in reducing the pain-induced distress caused by castration in piglets. Further research is needed to evaluate alternative practical methods to reduce the pain caused by the on-farm castration of piglets.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiology and behavior of pigs before and after castration: effects of two topical anesthetics

Sutherland

Davis

Brooks

et al. 2010

Animal

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“…The topical anesthetics were not applied to the skin of the tail before docking as intact skin acts as a diffusion barrier against local anesthetics (Huang and Vidimos, 2000), whereas anesthetics act more rapidly when administered directly onto the mucous membrane (Huang and Vidimos, 2000), lacerations or open wounds (Young, 2007). Therefore, in this study the topical anesthetic was aimed at mitigating the post-operative pain caused by docking.…”

Section: Sutherland Davis and Mcglonementioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of local or general anesthesia on the physiology and behavior of tail docked pigs

Sutherland

Davis

McGlone

2011

Animal

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Tail docking of pigs is a routine procedure on farms to help control tail-biting behavior; however, docking can cause pain. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of local or general anesthesia on the physiology (experiment 1) and behavior (experiment 2) of tail docked pigs. Pigs were allocated to one of six treatment groups: (i) sham docking (CON); (ii) docking using conventional cutting (CUT) with side-cutting pliers; (iii) CUT docking plus local anesthesia injected immediately before docking (LA); (iv) CUT docking plus short-acting local anesthesia applied topically to the tail wound (SHORT); (v) CUT docking plus longacting anesthesia applied topically to the tail wound (LONG) and (vi) CUT docking while the pig was anesthetized with carbon dioxide gas (CO 2 ). In experiment 1, blood samples were collected from pigs (10 pigs per treatment) before and 30, 60 and 120 min after docking to measure leukocyte counts and percentages and cortisol concentrations. In experiment 2, the above treatments were repeated (10 pigs per treatment); the percentage of stress vocalizations were recorded during the administration of the treatments and behavior was recorded for up to 120 min after docking or handling. All pigs were weighed before and 24 h after docking and wound healing was recorded until weaning. The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was greater (P , 0.05) in CUT, LA, SHORT and LONG compared with CON pigs. At 30 min, cortisol concentrations were greater (P , 0.05) in CUT, LA, LONG and CO 2 compared with CON pigs. Cortisol concentrations did not differ ( P . 0.05) between SHORT and CON pigs 30 min after docking. Cortisol concentrations did not differ (P . 0.05) among pigs given pain relief at the time of docking compared with pigs' docked without pain relief. Body weight change and wound scores did not differ (P . 0.05) among treatments. The percentage of stress vocalizations increased (P , 0.05) in CUT, SHORT and LONG, but not in CON, LA and CO 2 pigs in response to docking or handling. The percentage of time pigs spent lying without contact after docking tended to be greater (P 5 0.06) in CUT pigs compared with all other docking treatments and CON pigs. In this study, none of the anesthesia treatments tested were effective at significantly changing the physiological or behavioral response to tail docking in pigs.

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“…Previous studies that investigated creams and gels of ketamine formulations, demonstrated reduced numerical pain scores of 53-100 % on a 1-10 pain intensity scale [12]. These results indicate that ketamine gel may be useful for cases of chronic neuropathic pain [12][13][14][15][16]. But the prior studies of topical ketamine did not compare the formulations prepared with different polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 43%

Preparation and assessment of ketamine hydrogels for prolonged transdermal anaesthesia

Liu¹,

Zheng²

2017

Trop. J. Pharm Res

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Topical anesthetics in dermatology

Cited by 100 publications

References 99 publications

Physiology and behavior of pigs before and after castration: effects of two topical anesthetics

Physiology and behavior of pigs before and after castration: effects of two topical anesthetics

The effect of local or general anesthesia on the physiology and behavior of tail docked pigs

Preparation and assessment of ketamine hydrogels for prolonged transdermal anaesthesia

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