Topical analgesia before tracheal intubation

Absorption of lignocaine and bupivacaine from the respiratory tract during fibreoptic bronchoscopy.

“…In conclusion, the present study has demonstrated that bupivacaine can be used as a safe and effective topical anaesthetic during bronchoscopy, at the doses described in this study, and provides an adequate alternative to the use of lignocaine. However, we were not able to show consistent differences between upper and lower respiratory tract drug administration, in contrast to previous findings in paralysed, unconscious patients (Curran et al, 1975). Drummond, G. B.…”

“…Theoretically, one would expect greater, faster absorption from the more distal parts of the tracheo-bronchial tree due to the greater surface area available for absorption. In a study of paralysed, unconscious patients given the same dose of drug (300 mg), as a spray, both above and below the vocal cords, the time taken to achieve peak plasma concentrations was significantly faster following tracheal spraying (Curran et al, 1975). However, although plasma concentrations were also higher following tracheal spraying, the significance of this difference was not reported.…”

A third H i 21-cm absorption system in the sight-line of MG J0414+0534: a redshift for Object X?

“…For associated systems, the rates (39 per cent at z 1 cf. 17 per cent at z 1) are biased by the traditional optical selection of targets, where only the most ultraviolet (UV) luminous sources are known at high redshift, since the intense UV flux from the nearby active galactic nucleus (AGN) ionizes/excites the cool gas beyond detection (Curran et al 2008). Although both of these effects are present in some cases at z 1, they are always present for the high-redshift sources.…”

Localized HI 21-cm absorption towards a double-lobed z= 0.24 radio galaxy

“…1 While the 50 per cent detection rate in intervening absorbers can be attributed to flux coverage effects, introduced by the geometry of a flat expanding Universe (Curran & Webb 2006; E-mail: sjc@phys.unsw.edu.au 1 Adding a further two associated absorbers found by Curran et al (2011). 2010), the detection rate in these latter 'associated' systems is currently attributed to unified schemes of active galactic nuclei (AGNs), where only type-2 objects present a dense column of absorbing gas along our sightline. We (Curran et al 2008b) have however recently found that the ultraviolet (UV) luminosity of the AGN is the key in determining whether 21-cm absorption is detected, with AGN type having little bearing on this, contrary to the current consensus (Gupta & Saikia 2006 and references therein). Indeed, UV luminosities may also be the root cause of other observed properties, seemingly responsible for the 21-cm detection rate in the hosts of radio galaxies and quasars Whiting 2010 andverified by Grasha &Darling 2011).…”

“…Summary of the search for 21-cm absorption in the hosts of optically faint PHFS sources which fall into the 1000-1450 MHz band. ν obs is the observed central frequency (MHz), B is the blue magnitude used in the selection of the sources, L UV is the λ = 1216 Å luminosity of the target (W Hz −1 , calculated using the method prescribed in Curran et al 2008b), σ rms is the rms noise (mJy beam −1 ) reached per v channel (km s −1 ), S cont is the continuum flux (Jy), τ is the peak optical depth of the line, where τ = −ln (1 − 3σ rms /S cont ) is quoted for the non-detections, N HI is the resulting column density (cm −2 ), where T s /f is the spin temperature/covering factor degeneracy of the of 21-cm absorbing gas, followed by the redshift range over which this applies. Finally, we give the AGN type.…”